Confined spaces brief guide to working safety for employer and employees

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A number of people are killed or seriously injured in confined spaces each year in many countries. This happens in a wide range of industries, from those involving complex plants to simple storage vessels. Those killed include people working in confined spaces and those who try to rescue them without proper training and equipment. This article provides a brief guide to working safely in confined spaces and explains what you, as an employer, may need to do to protect your employees when working in confined spaces. It will also be useful to the self-employed or employees and their representatives. The guide will help you take the necessary action to meet the requirements of the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 ( UK)

Also Read: Books: OSHA-Is it Safe to Enter Confined Space?

What is a confined space?

It can be any space of an enclosed nature where there is a risk of death or serious injury from hazardous substances or dangerous conditions (eg lack of oxygen).

Some confined spaces are fairly easy to identify, eg enclosures with limited openings:

  • storage tanks;
  • silos;
  • reaction vessels;
  • enclosed drains;
  • sewers.

Others may be less obvious, but can be equally dangerous, for example:

  • open-topped chambers;
  • vats;
  • combustion chambers in furnaces etc;
  • ductwork;
  • unventilated or poorly ventilated rooms.

It is not possible to provide a comprehensive list of confined spaces. Some places may become confined spaces when work is carried out, or during their construction, fabrication, or subsequent modification.

What are the dangers of confined spaces?

Dangers can arise in confined spaces because of the following issues.

  • A lack of oxygen. This can occur:
    • where there is a reaction between some soils and the oxygen in the atmosphere;
    • following the action of groundwater on chalk and limestone which can produce carbon dioxide and displace normal air;
    • in ships’ holds, freight containers, lorries, etc as a result of the cargo reacting with oxygen inside the space;
    • inside steel tanks and vessels when rust forms.
  • Poisonous gas, fume, or vapor. These can:
    • the build-up in sewers and manholes and in pits connected to the system;
    • enter tanks or vessels from connecting pipes;
    • leak into trenches and pits in contaminated land, such as old refuse tips and old gas works.
  • Liquids and solids can suddenly fill the space, or release gases into it, when disturbed. Free-flowing solids such as grain can also partially solidify or
  • ‘bridge’ in silos, causing blockages that can collapse unexpectedly.
  • Fire and explosions (eg from flammable vapors, excess oxygen, etc).
  • Residues left in tanks, vessels, etc, or remaining on internal surfaces, can give off gas, fume, or vapor.
  • Dust is present in high concentrations, eg in flour silos.
  • Hot conditions lead to a dangerous increase in body temperature.

Some of the above conditions may already be present in the confined space. However, some may arise from the work being carried out, or because of ineffective isolation of plants nearby, eg leakage from a pipe connected to the confined space. The enclosure and working space may increase other dangers arising from the work being carried out, for example:

  • machinery being used may require special precautions, such as the provision of dust extraction for a portable grinder, or special precautions against electric shock;
  • gas, fume, or vapour can arise from welding, or by use of volatile and often flammable solvents, adhesives, etc;
  • if access to the space is through a restricted entrance, such as a manhole, escape or rescue in an emergency will be more difficult (see Emergency procedures).

also Read: Books: OSHA-Is it Safe to Enter Confined Space?

What the law says

You must carry out a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks for all work activities to decide what measures are necessary for safety (under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, regulation 3). For work in confined spaces, this means identifying the hazards present, assessing the risks, and determining what precautions to take. In most cases the assessment will include consideration of:

  • the task;
  • the working environment;
  • working materials and tools;
  • the suitability of those carrying out the task;
  • arrangements for emergency rescue.

You may need to appoint competent people to help manage the risks and make sure that employees are adequately trained and instructed (under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, regulation 7). Of course, you may be the best person to do this, however, you may need to train someone else or engage the services of a competent person for additional help.

If your assessment identifies risks of serious injury from work in confined spaces, such as the dangers highlighted above, the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 apply. These regulations contain the following key duties:

  • avoid entry to confined spaces, eg by doing the work from outside;
  • if entry to a confined space is unavoidable, follow a safe system of work; and
  • put in place adequate emergency arrangements before the work starts.

These duties, and how to carry them out are described in the sections below.

Avoid entering confined spaces

You need to check if the work can be done another way to avoid entry or work in confined spaces. Better work planning or a different approach can reduce the need for confined space working.

Ask yourself if the intended work is really necessary, or could you:

  • modify the confined space itself so that entry is not necessary;
  • have the work done from outside, for example:
    • blockages can be cleared in silos by use of remotely operated rotating flail devices, vibrators, or air purgers;
    • inspection, sampling, and cleaning operations can often be done from outside the space using appropriate equipment and tools;
    • remote cameras can be used for the internal inspection of vessels.

Safe systems of work

If you cannot avoid entering a confined space, make sure you have a safe system for working inside the space.

Use the results of your risk assessment to help identify the precautions you need to take to reduce the risk of injury. These will depend on the nature of the confined space, the associated risk, and the work involved.

Make sure that the safe system of work, including the precautions identified, is developed and put into practice. Everyone involved will need to be properly trained and instructed to make sure they know what to do and how to do it safely.

The following checklist is not intended to be exhaustive but includes many of the essential elements to help prepare a safe system of work.

Appointment of a supervisor

Supervisors should be given the responsibility to make sure that the necessary precautions are taken, to check safety at each stage, and may need to remain present while work is underway.

Are people suitable for the work?

Do they have sufficient experience in the type of work to be carried out, and what training have they received? Where risk assessment highlights exceptional constraints as a result of the physical layout, are individuals of the suitable build?

The competent person may need to consider other factors, eg concerning claustrophobia or fitness to wear breathing apparatus, and may need to seek medical advice on an individual’s suitability.

Isolation

Mechanical and electrical isolation of equipment is essential if it could otherwise operate, or be operated, inadvertently. If gas, fume, or vapor could enter the confined space, you need to isolate the pipework. In all cases, a check should be made to ensure isolation is effective.

Cleaning before entry

This may be necessary to ensure fumes do not develop from residues etc while the work is done.

Check the size of the entrance

Is it big enough to allow workers wearing all the necessary equipment to climb in and out easily, and provide ready access and exit in an emergency? For example, the size of the opening may mean choosing air-line breathing apparatus in place of self-contained equipment which is bulkier and therefore likely to restrict ready passage.

Provision of ventilation

You may be able to increase the number of openings and therefore improve ventilation. Mechanical ventilation may be needed to make sure there is an adequate supply of fresh air. This is essential where portable gas cylinders and diesel-fuelled equipment are used inside the space because of the dangers from build-up of engine exhaust. Warning: carbon monoxide in the exhaust from petrol-fuelled engines is so dangerous that use of such equipment in confined spaces should never be allowed.

Testing the air

Testing the air may be necessary to check that it is free from both toxic and flammable vapors and that it is fit to breathe. Testing should be carried out by a competent person using a suitable gas detector that is correctly calibrated.

Where the risk assessment indicates that conditions may change, or as a further precaution, continuous monitoring of the air may be needed.

Provision of special tools and lighting

Non-sparking tools and specially protected lighting are essential where flammable or potentially explosive atmospheres are likely. In certain confined spaces (eg inside metal tanks) suitable precautions to prevent electric shock include the use of extra low-voltage equipment (typically less than 25 V) and, where necessary, residual current devices

Provision of breathing apparatus

Breathing apparatus is essential if the air inside the space cannot be made fit to breathe because of gas, fume, or vapor present, or lack of oxygen. Never try to ‘sweeten’ the air in a confined space with oxygen as this can greatly increase the risk of a fire or explosion.

Preparation of emergency arrangements

Emergency arrangements will need to cover the necessary equipment, training, and practice drills.

Provision of rescue harnesses

Lifelines attached to harnesses should run back to a point outside the confined space.

Also Read: Books: OSHA Fall Protection Toolbox Talks and Trainer Guide

Communications

An adequate communications system is needed to enable communication between people inside and outside the confined space and to summon help in an emergency.

Also Read: Books: OSHA-Hazard communication for small Entity

Check how the alarm is raised

Do you need to position someone outside to keep watch and communicate with anyone inside, raise the alarm quickly in an emergency, and take charge of the rescue procedures?

Is a ‘permit-to-work’ necessary?

A permit-to-work ensures a formal check is undertaken to make sure all the elements of a safe system of work are in place before people are allowed to enter or work in a confined space. It is also a means of communication between site management, supervisors, and those carrying out hazardous work. Essential features of a permit-to-work are:

  • clear identification of who may authorize particular jobs (and any limits to their authority) and who is responsible for specifying the necessary precautions (eg isolation, air testing, emergency arrangements, etc);
  • making sure that contractors engaged to carry out work are included;
  • training and instruction in the issue of permits;
  • monitoring and auditing to make sure that the system works as intended.

Also Read: Books: OSHA-Permit Required Confined Spaces

Emergency procedures

When things go wrong, people may be exposed to serious and immediate danger. Effective arrangements for raising the alarm and carrying out rescue operations in an emergency are essential.

Contingency plans will depend on the nature of the confined space, the risks identified, and consequently the likely nature of an emergency rescue.

Emergency arrangements will depend on the risks. You should consider communications and rescue and resuscitation equipment.

Know more about Emergency

Communications

How can an emergency be communicated from inside the confined space to people outside so that rescue procedures can start? Don’t forget night and shift work, weekends and times when the premises are closed, eg holidays. Also, consider what might happen and how the alarm can be raised.

Rescue and resuscitation equipment

Providing suitable rescue and resuscitation equipment will depend on the likely emergencies identified. Where such equipment is provided for rescuers to use, training in correct operation is essential.

know more about Confined spaces Rescue

Capabilities of rescuers

Rescuers need to be properly trained people, sufficiently fit to carry out their task, ready at hand, and capable of using any equipment provided for rescue, eg breathing apparatus, lifelines, and fire-fighting equipment. Rescuers also need to be protected against the cause of the emergency.

Shut down

It may be necessary to shut down adjacent plant before attempting emergency rescue.

First-aid procedures

Trained first-aiders need to be available to make proper use of any necessary first-aid equipment provided.

Local emergency services

How are the local emergency services (eg, Fire and Rescue Service) made aware of an incident? What information about the particular dangers in the confined space is given to them on their arrival?

The law

The Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

Other legislation may apply, depending on where the confined space is situated or on the task being carried out.

Confined spaces within the machinery

The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER) and the Workplace (Health, Safety, and Welfare) Regulations 1992 apply.

Equipment required before entering a confined space

The Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 2002 and the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (as amended) apply.

Also Read: Photo of the day: Safety Equipment for Confined Spaces

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