Construction Safety and Health Management Program

Aerial lifts, powered or manual, include but are not limited to, the following types of vehicle-mounted aerial devices used to elevate personnel to job sites above ground: extensible boom platforms, articulating boom platforms, and vertical towers.

When operating aerial lifts, we will ensure that our employees are:

• Trained.
• Authorized.
• Setting brakes and using outriggers.
• Not exceeding boom and basket load limits.
• Using personal fall protection when required.
• Not using devices such as ladders, stilts or step stools to raise the employee above the basket.

In addition, manufacturers or the equivalent must certify in writing all modifications to aerial lifts.

Exposure Monitoring

We will perform monitoring whenever a workplace or work operation requires exposure to accurately determine the airborne concentrations of asbestos to which our employees may be exposed.

Based on the monitoring results, we will ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of asbestos in excess of 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter (f/cc) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). In addition, we will ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of asbestos in excess of 1 f/cc as averaged over a sampling period of 30 minutes.

Respirators

Respirators will be used during (1) all Class I asbestos jobs; (2) all Class II work where asbestos-containing material is not removed substantially intact; (3) all Class II and III work not using wet methods, except on sloped roofs; (4) all Class II and III work without a negative exposure assessment; (5) all Class III jobs where thermal system insulation or surfacing asbestos-containing or presumed asbestos-containing material is cut, abraded, or broken; (6) all Class IV work within a regulated area where respirators are required; (7) all work where employees are exposed above the PEL or STEL; and (8) in emergencies.

Personal Protective Equipment

We will provide and require the use of protective clothing—such as coveralls or similar whole-body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings—for

• Any employee exposed to airborne asbestos exceeding the PEL or STEL,
• Work without a negative exposure assessment, or
• Any employee performing Class I work involving the removal of over 25 linear or 10 square feet (0.93 square m) of thermal system insulation or surfacing asbestos-containing or presumed asbestos-containing materials.

Medical Surveillance We will provide a medical surveillance program for all employees who, for a combined total of 30 or more days per year, engage in Class I, II, or III work or are exposed at or above the PEL or STEL, or who wear negative pressure respirators.

Safe Work Practices

• Compressed air used for cleaning purposes must be reduced to less than 30 pounds per square inch (psi) (207 kPa) and then only with effective chip guarding and personal protective equipment.

• Valve protection caps must be in place and secured when compressed gas cylinders are transported, moved, or stored.

• Cylinder valves must be closed when work is finished and when cylinders are empty or moved.

• Compressed gas cylinders must be secured in an upright position at all times, except if necessary for short periods of time when cylinders are actually being hoisted or carried.

• Cylinders must be kept far enough away from the actual welding or cutting operations so that sparks, hot slag, or flame will not reach them. When this is impractical, fire-resistant shields must be provided. Cylinders must be placed where they cannot become part of an electrical circuit.

Oxygen and fuel gas pressure regulators must be in proper working order while in use.

Safe Work Practices

• Construction loads must not be placed on a concrete structure or portion of a concrete structure unless the employer determines, based on information received from a person who is qualified in structural design, that the structure or portion of the structure is capable of supporting the loads.

• Employees must not be permitted to work under concrete buckets while buckets are being elevated or lowered into position.

• To the extent practical, elevated concrete buckets must be routed so that no employee or the fewest number of employees is exposed to the hazards associated with falling concrete buckets.

• Formwork must be designed, fabricated, erected, supported, braced and maintained so that it is capable of supporting without failure all vertical and lateral loads that may reasonably be anticipated to be applied to the formwork.

• Forms and shores (except those used for slabs on grade and slip forms) must not be removed until the employer determines that the concrete has gained sufficient strength to support its weight and superimposed loads. Such determination must be based on complying with one of the following:

• The plans and specifications stipulate conditions for the removal of forms and shores, and such conditions have been followed, or

• The concrete has been properly tested with an appropriate American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standard test method designed to indicate the concrete compressive strength, and the test results indicate that the concrete has gained sufficient strength to support its weight and superimposed loads. (ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428; 610-832-9585). 1926.703(e)(1)(i)–(ii).

A limited access zone will be established whenever a masonry wall is being constructed. The limited access zone must conform to the following:

• The limited access zone must be established prior to the start of the construction of the wall.
• The limited access zone must be equal to the height of the wall to be constructed plus 4 feet (1.2 m) and must run the entire length of the wall.
• The limited access zone must be established on the side of the wall that will not have a scaffold
• The limited access zone must be restricted to entry by employees actively engaged in constructing the wall. Other employees must not be permitted to enter the zone.
• The limited access zone must remain in place until the wall is adequately supported to prevent overturning and to prevent collapse. Where the height of a wall is more than 8 feet (2.4 m), the limited access zone must remain in place until the requirements of 1926.706(b) have been met.

All masonry walls more than 8 feet (2.4 m) in height will be adequately braced to prevent overturning and to prevent collapse unless the wall is adequately supported so that it will not overturn or collapse. The bracing will remain in place until permanent supporting elements of the structure are in place.

We will comply with all regulations that apply to work in dangerous or potentially dangerous areas.

Confined or enclosed spaces include, but are not limited to, storage tanks, process vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, and open top spaces more than 4 feet deep (1.2 m) such as pits, tubs, vaults, and vessels.

Policy

All spaces that meet the definition of permit-required confined spaces (PRCS) will be identified and appropriately marked.  We will control access to these spaces.

Employees are prohibited from entering any space meeting the definition of a PRCS unless the following conditions are met:

• The company determines that employees must enter permit-required confined spaces to perform assigned duties. The employees are trained to safely perform these duties in a PRCS.

The confined space is rendered safe for entry:

• By issuance and compliance with the conditions of a permit.
• When the space is reclassified as a non-permit space without making entry into the space. (This does not apply to a PRCS with an actual or potential hazardous atmosphere.)
• Alternate entry procedures are performed.

Permits issued under the procedures in this policy will be limited to the duration of the job but no longer than one work shift.  A new permit is required if work continues on a second shift or another day.

Definitions

Confined Space—a space that meets all three of the following conditions:

• Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work.
• Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that have limited means of entry).
• Is not designed for continuous human occupancy.

Permit Required Confined Space (Permit Space)—a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics:

• Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere.
• Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant.
• Has an internal configuration such that the entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section.
• Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.

Duties and Responsibilities

Authorized Attendant. The trained individual stationed outside the permit space monitors the authorized entrants and performs all attendant duties. The attendant will:

• Remain outside the permit space during entry operations unless relieved by another authorized attendant.
• Perform non-entry rescues when specified by the company’s rescue procedure.
• Know existing and potential hazards, including information on the mode of exposure, signs or symptoms, consequences, and physiological effects.
• Maintain communication with and keep an accurate account of those workers entering the permit space.
• Order evacuation of the permit space when a prohibited condition exists; when a worker shows signs of physiological effects of hazard exposure; when an emergency outside the confined space exists; and when the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform required duties.
• Summon rescue and other services during an emergency.
• Ensure that unauthorized people stay away from permit spaces or exit immediately if they have entered the permit space.
• Inform authorized entrants and the entry supervisor if any unauthorized person enters the permit space.
• Perform no other duties that interfere with the attendant’s primary duties.

Authorized Entrant. The trained individual enters the permit space. The entrant is required to:

• Know space hazards, including information on the means of exposure such as inhalation or dermal absorption, signs and symptoms, and consequences of the exposure.
• Use appropriate personal protective equipment properly.
• Maintain communication with attendants as necessary to enable them to monitor the entrant’s status and alert the entrant to evacuate when necessary.
• Exit from the permit space as soon as possible when ordered by the attendant; when he or she recognizes the warning signs or symptoms of exposure; when a prohibited condition exists; or when an automatic alarm is activated.
• Alert the attendant when a prohibited condition exists or when warning signs or symptoms of exposure exist.

Entry Supervisor. The trained individual with the responsibility to assure that acceptable entry conditions are present within a permit space under his or her jurisdiction; issuing a permit authorizing entry; overseeing entry operations; and terminating the entry and permit.

For each entry into a PRCS, the designated entry supervisor will:

• Perform the pre-entry duties of the entry supervisor on the permit space to be entered.
• Prepare an entry permit, reclassify the space as a non-permit space, or authorize alternate entry procedures in compliance with the relevant procedures of this program.
• Perform the post-entry duties of the entry supervisor.
• Collect the permit from the attendant at the end of the entry, or prepare the documentation for reclassification or alternate entry.

For the duration of each entry into a permit space, the entrants and attendants will perform the duties outlined in these procedures and will return the permit or documentation to (insert job title of responsible person) upon the termination of entry.

Safe Work Practices

• Comply with the manufacturer’s specifications and limitations for all cranes and derricks.

• Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and special hazard warnings or instructions will be conspicuously posted on all equipment.

• Instructions or warnings will be visible from the operator’s station.

• Equipment will be inspected by a competent person before each use and during use, and all deficiencies corrected before further use.

• Accessible areas within the swing radius of the rear of the rotating superstructure will be properly barricaded to prevent employees from being struck or crushed by the crane.
• Except where electrical distribution and transmission lines have been de-energized and visibly grounded at point of work, or where insulating barriers not a part of or an attachment to the equipment or machinery have been erected to prevent physical contact with the lines, no part of a crane or its load will be operated within 10 feet (3 m) of a line rated 50 kilovolts (kV) or below; 10 feet (3 m) plus 0.4 inches (10.2 cm) for each kV over 50 kV for lines rated over 50 kV, or twice the length of the line insulator, but never less than 10 feet (3 m).

• An annual inspection of the hoisting machinery will be made by a competent person. Records must be kept of the dates and results of each inspection.

• All crawler, truck or locomotive cranes in use will meet the requirements as prescribed in the ANSI B30.5-1968, Safety Code for Crawler, Locomotive and Truck Cranes. (212) 642-4900.

• The use of a crane or derrick to hoist employees on a personnel platform is prohibited, except when the erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching the worksite—such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift, elevating work platform or scaffold—would be more hazardous or is not possible because of structural design or worksite conditions.

• Crane operators will be trained and certified on cranes before being allowed to operate any crane.

Responsibilities

Divers are responsible for attending diving safety training and following the Safe Practices Manual. Employees designated as persons-in-charge (PICs) are also responsible for the activities of each dive to which they are assigned and for preparing a dive plan/report.

The company is responsible for the following:

• Appointing a PIC for each dive.
• Verifying that authorized divers, standby personnel, and designated PICs are trained.
• Retaining completed dive plans and reports.
• Assessing the effectiveness of the diving manual.
• Keeping list of authorized divers.
• Conducting audits for compliance with diving safety requirements.
• Assessing diving safety training requirements.
• Developing and maintaining records of diving safety training.

Diver Certification

Divers will have a valid certification issued by the National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI), the Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) or equivalent certifying organization. Each diver will also be currently certified in both cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and standard first aid.

Person-in-Charge (PIC)

The PIC is responsible for the activities of the diving operation and will be at the dive site throughout its duration.

Dive Plan/Report

The PIC for each diving operation will prepare a dive plan/report.  A copy of the dive plan/report will be kept with the dive team for the duration of the dive.

Pre-Dive Procedures

The PIC will conduct a briefing of dive team members prior to each dive on:

• The dive plan/report.
• Objectives of the dive.
• Unusual hazards or conditions.
• Modifications to standard or emergency procedures.
• A predive inspection of all equipment and supplies is made.

Dive Procedures

Diving operations will be conducted with two certified, fully suited and ready-to-dive employees. We will use either the buddy system or the standby system. If both divers are needed in the water, a third person will be stationed at the point of entry to provide for standby duties.

Prior to dive:

• The PIC coordinates the diving operation and prepares the dive plan/report.
• Employees are informed of the tasks and the required safe diving procedures.
• EMS and the local fire department should be advised of the diving operation and location.
  
  

During the diving operation, the diver should be line-tended by the standby diver using an appropriate body harness that will facilitate rescue, if required.

After the dive:

• The dive plan/report is completed.
• Post-dive procedures are completed.

Post-Dive Procedures

At the end of each dive, the PIC will:

• Observe the condition of each diver for signs of illness or distress.
• Verify completion and distribution of the dive plan/report.

At the end of each dive, each diver will:

• Use showering facilities.
• Report any physical problems or adverse physiological effects including symptoms of decompression sickness.

Medical Emergencies

Medical emergencies occurring as part of a dive should be reported immediately to the PIC. If the injured person cannot be safely transported to the emergency room at a hospital, EMS will be dispatched to provide initial treatment.

Emergency Treatment—Divers should provide initial first aid until additional services arrive at the scene.

Emergency Evacuation

If an incident occurs that may jeopardize the health or safety of a diver working in the water, diving operations should be terminated immediately and the divers should leave the water.

Equipment

• Compressors used to recharge self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) tanks should be inspected and maintained in accordance with breathing air requirements for such compressors as specified by 29 CFR 1910.430.
• The diving equipment used should meet the requirements identified in 29 CFR 1910.430.
• Emergency equipment will be provided and maintained at the point of entry for each diving operation in progress.
• Divers are responsible for the care and maintenance of all diving equipment.

Training

All divers will receive initial and periodic training.

Recordkeeping

• Records of diving safety training will be maintained for the duration of the employee’s employment.

• Depth-time profile (1910.422) must be kept until the completion of the recording of the dive, or until the completion of the decompression procedure assessment where there has been an incident of decompression sickness.
• A current list of authorized divers.
• Completed dive plans/reports will be kept for a period of one year beyond the completion of the work. If there was an incident of decompression sickness, the record must be kept for five years (1910.423).
• Decompression procedure assessment evaluations must be kept for five years (1910.423).
• Medical records for dive team members will be maintained for the duration of employment plus 30 years (1910.1020). Records of hospitalizations must be kept for five years (1910.440).
• For equipment inspections and testing records (1910.430), the current entry/log or tag must be kept readily available.

Diving Operations Plan

We will provide ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) to protect employees from ground-fault hazards at our job sites. All 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles that are not part of the permanent wiring must be protected by GFCIs.

Safe Work Practices

• Light bulbs for general illumination will be protected from breakage
• Metal shell sockets must be grounded.
• Temporary lights will not be suspended by their cords unless they are so designed.
• Portable lighting used in wet or conducive locations, such as tanks or boilers, will be operated at no more than 12 volts or must be protected by GFCIs.
• Extension cords will be of the three-wire type.
• Extension cords and flexible cords used with temporary and portable lights will be designed for hard or extra hard usage (for example, types S, ST and SO).
• Worn or frayed electric cords or cables will not be used.
• Extension cords will not be fastened with staples, hung from nails, or suspended by wire.
• Workspaces, walkways, and similar locations will be kept clear of cords.
• Listed, labeled or certified equipment will be installed and used in accordance with instructions included in the listing, labeling or certification.
• In work areas where the exact location of underground electrical power lines is unknown, employees using jackhammers, bars or other hand tools that may contact the lines will use insulating gloves, aprons or other protective clothing that will provide equivalent electrical protection.
• Barriers or other means of guarding will be used by employees to ensure that the workspace for electrical equipment is not used as a passageway during periods when energized parts of the equipment are exposed.
• Flexible cords will have strain relief provided to prevent pull from being directly transmitted to joints or terminal screws.
• Equipment or circuits that are de-energized will be rendered inoperative and will have tags attached at all points where the equipment or circuits could be energized.

Medical Emergency

• Protect yourself and other workers from further injury.
• Call for emergency medical services as needed.
• Meet medical responders and guide them to the location.
• Immediately report the injury and location to (insert title).
• Do not move injured workers before medical assistance arrives unless they are in danger of further injury.
• Preserve the area around the accident scene so an investigation can be conducted.

Fire or Explosion

• Immediately report the fire and location to (insert title).
• Call the fire department or emergency medical services as needed.
• Do not attempt to extinguish the fire unless you have been trained.
• Evacuate the work area and report to the designated assembly area upon hearing the evacuation signal.
• Do not leave the assembly area until authorized to do so.

Severe Weather

• Secure loose materials.
• All workers on scaffolds, ladders, cranes, aerial lifts, and roofs must seek shelter.
• If an evacuation signal is given, seek a designated shelter area.

Bomb Threat

• Immediately report the threat to (insert title).
• Evacuate the work area and report to the designated assembly area upon hearing the evacuation signal.
• Do not leave the assembly area until authorized to do so.

Chemical Spill or Release

• Evacuate to a safe distance and secure the area.
• Report the occurrence to (insert title).
• Evacuate the work area and report to the designated assembly area upon hearing the evacuation signal.
• Do not leave the assembly area until authorized to do so.

Structural Failure or Collapse

• Evacuate to a safe distance and secure the area.
• Report the occurrence to (insert title).
• Evacuate the work area and report to the designated assembly area upon hearing the evacuation signal.
• Do not leave the assembly area until authorized to do so.

Safe Work Practices for Underground Installations

The estimated location of utility installations—such as sewer, telephone, fuel, electric, water lines, or any other underground installations that reasonably may be expected to be encountered during excavation work—will be determined prior to opening an excavation.
Utility companies or owners will be contacted within established or customary local response times, advised of the proposed work, and asked to establish the location of the utility underground installations prior to the start of actual excavation. When utility companies or owners cannot respond to a request to locate underground utility installations within 24 hours (unless a longer period is required by state or local law), or cannot establish the exact location of these installations, we will proceed with caution and will provide detection equipment or other acceptable means to locate utility installations.

When excavation operations approach the estimated location of underground installations, the exact location of the installations will be determined by safe and acceptable means. While the excavation is open, underground installations will be protected, supported, or removed to safeguard employees.

Each employee in an excavation will be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system except when excavations are made entirely in stable rock, or excavations are less than 5 feet (1.5 m) in depth and examination of the ground by the competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in. Protective systems will have the capacity to resist, without failure, all loads that are intended or could reasonably be expected to be applied or transmitted to the system.

Employees will be protected from excavated or other materials or equipment that could pose hazards by falling or rolling into excavations. Protection will be provided by placing and keeping such materials or equipment at least 2 feet (0.6 m) from the edge of excavations, or by the use of retaining devices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations, or by a combination of both if necessary.

Inspections
Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective systems will be made by a competent person for evidence of a situation that could result in possible cave-ins, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions. An inspection will be conducted by the competent person prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. Inspections will also be made after every rainstorm or other hazard-increasing occurrence.
Where a competent person finds evidence of a situation that could result in a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions, exposed employees will be removed from the hazardous area until the necessary precautions have been taken to ensure their safety.

Trench and Excavation Access

A stairway, ladder, ramp, or other safe means of egress will be located in trench excavations that are 4 feet or more in-depth so as to require no more than 25 feet of lateral travel for employees.

We will assess the worksite to determine if the walking/working surface on which employees are to work has the strength and structural integrity to safely support workers. Employees are not permitted to work on those surfaces until it has been determined that the surfaces have the requisite strength and structural integrity to support the workers.

Safe Work Practices

• Employees are to use 100 percent fall protection at all times.
• Each employee in a hoist area will be protected from falling 6 feet or more by guardrail systems or personal fall arrest systems. If guardrail systems (or chain gate or guardrail) or portions thereof must be removed to facilitate hoisting operations, as during the landing of materials, and a worker must lean through the access opening or out over the edge of the access opening to receive or guide equipment and materials, that employee will be protected by a personal fall arrest system.
• Covers or guardrail systems will be erected around holes (including skylights) that are more than 6 feet (1.8 m) above lower levels unless personal fall arrest systems are used by all exposed employees.
• Each employee at the edge of an excavation 6 feet deep (1.8 m) or more will be protected from falling by guardrail systems, fences, barricades or covers.
• Where walkways are provided to permit employees to cross over excavations, guardrails are required on the walkway if it is 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above the excavation.
• Each employee using ramps, runways, and other walkways will be protected from falling 6 feet (1.2 m) or more by guardrail systems.
• Each employee performing overhand bricklaying and related work 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels will be protected by guardrail systems, safety net systems,, or personal fall arrest systems or will work in a controlled access zone.
• All employees reaching more than 10 inches (25.4 cm) below the level of a walking/working surface on which they are working will be protected by a guardrail system, safety net system,, or personal fall arrest.
• On low-slope roofs,50 feet (15.2 m) or less in width, the use of a safety monitoring system without a warning line system is permitted.
• Each employee on a steep roof with unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels will be protected by guardrail systems with toeboards, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.
• Fall protection is not needed if an employee or employees are on a low slope roof (less than 4/12 pitch) for inspection/observation only.

Please note: Fall protection is required whenever an employee is above 6 feet on construction sites (except 10 feet on scaffolding and 15 feet during steel erection).

Types of Fall Protection Systems

• Articulating manlifts provided with a restraint system and full body harness to an anchor point below the waist (preferably at the floor level).
• Guardrails with toeboards.
• Personal fall arrest systems:

• Anchor points (rated at 5,000 pounds).
• Full body harness.
• Restraint line or lanyard.
• Shock-absorbing lanyard.
• Retractable lanyard.
• Rope grabs.
• Connectors (self-locking snap hooks).

• Engineered lifelines.
• Warning lines.
• Safety nets.
• Safety monitoring systems.

Fall Protection Guidelines

Engineering Controls

Engineering controls will be the first option for selection whenever possible (i.e., light bulb changing, telescoping arm, changing valve, relocating at ground level) or utilizing a contractor in extremely hazardous areas.

Guardrails

On all projects, only guardrails made from steel, wood, or wire rope will be acceptable. All guardrail systems will comply with OSHA standards (i.e., withstand 200 pounds of force, 42 inches high, mid rail, and toe board). These guardrails will be placed in the following areas if necessary or feasible based on job location or requirements:

• On all open-sided floors.
• Around all open excavations or pits.
• On leading edges of roofs or mezzanines.

Wall Openings

Wall openings from which there is a drop of more than 6 feet (1.8 m) and the bottom of the opening is less than 39 inches (1 m) above the working surface will be guarded.

Falling Objects

Employees will wear a hard hat when there are overhead hazards. Whenever possible, toeboards, screens, guardrail systems or a barricade will be placed in the area to keep objects from falling onto employees below.

Personal Fall Protection Systems (PFAS)

All employees on any project that will be required to wear a personal fall arrest or restraint system will follow these guidelines:

• A full-body harness will be used at all times.
• All personal fall arrest systems will be inspected before each use by the employee. Any deteriorated, bent, damaged or impacted, and components of harnesses showing excessive wear will be removed from service.
• Connectors will be inspected to ensure they are drop forged, pressed or formed steel or are made of equivalent materials and that they have a corrosion-resistant finish as well as that all surfaces and edges are smooth to prevent damage to interfacing parts of the system.
• Verify that D rings and snap hooks have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds and that the D rings and snap hooks are proof tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds without cracking, breaking or taking permanent deformation.
• Only shock-absorbing lanyards or retractable lanyards are to be used so as to keep impact forces at a minimum on the body (fall arrest systems).
• Only nylon rope or nylon straps with locking snap hooks are to be used for restraints.
• All lanyards will have self-locking snap hooks.

Verify that unintentional disengagement of snap hooks is prevented by either of the following means:

• Snap hooks are a compatible size for the member to which they are connected.
• Locking-type snap hooks are used.

Verify that unless the snap hook is a locking type and is designed for the following connections, snap hooks are not engaged in the following manners:

• Directly to webbing, rope, or wire rope.
• To each other.
• To a D ring to which another snap hook or other connector is attached to a horizontal lifeline.
• To any object that is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snap hook such that unintentional disengagement could occur by the connected object being able to depress the snap hook keeper and release itself.

The following factors can affect total fall distance:

• Length of connecting means (i.e., lanyard length, use of carabineers, snap hooks).
• Position and height of anchorage relative to work platform/area (always keep above head whenever possible).
• Position of attachment and D-ring slide on the full body harness.
• Deployment of shock absorber (max 42 inches).
• Movement in a lifeline.
• The initial position of the worker before free fall occurs (i.e., sitting, standing).

Calculating Total Fall Distance

It is the total length of the shock-absorbing lanyard plus the height of the person plus the location distance of the D ring from the work surface or platform. Always allow a minimum of 6 feet of clearance above the ground, equipment, etc., at the end of the fall from the fall arrest point.

Engineered Lifeline

Lifeline systems must be designed and approved by an engineer or qualified person. Lifeline systems must be engineered to have appropriate anchorages, strength of line designed to hold X number of individuals connected to it, line strength to aid in the arrest of a fall, and durability to hold fallen employee(s) suspended until rescue can occur.

Warning Line System

All greater than 50 feet wide flat roof (i.e., roof with less than 4 in 12 slope) work that is performed 6 feet or further back from the edge of the roof can be completed by installing a warning line and using a safety monitor. If the roof is flat and less than 50 feet wide, a competent person safety monitor may be used.

Warning lines will consist of the following:

• Be erected 6 feet from the edge of the roof.
• Be constructed of stationary posts made of wood or metal.
• Wire or nylon rope and “Caution” tape will be strung from post to post and must be able to withstand 16 pounds of force.
• The entire perimeter of the roof where work is being performed will be guarded by the warning line.

If an employee must access an area within 6 feet of the roof for reasons other than exiting the roof via a ladder or fixed industrial ladder, another employee must monitor that individual and warn him or her of any dangers. If another employee is not available to act as a safety monitor, the employee must don a full-body harness and attach a fall restraint lanyard to an anchor point to prevent reaching the edge of the roof.

Inspection of Fall Protection Systems

The following criteria will be utilized to maintain all equipment in good working condition.

Full Body Harness

Inspect before each use:

• Closely examine all of the nylon webbings to ensure there are no burn marks, which could weaken the material.
• Verify there are no torn, frayed, broken fibers, pulled stitches or frayed edges anywhere on the harness.
• Examine D ring for excessive wear, pits, deterioration or cracks.
• Verify that buckles are not deformed or cracked and will operate correctly.
• Check to see that all grommets (if present) are secure and not deformed from abuse or a fall.
• Harness should never have additional punched holes.
• All rivets should be tight, not deformed.
• Check tongue/straps for excessive wear from repeated buckling.

A competent person will conduct an annual inspection of all harnesses. The documentation will be provided to (insert job title of responsible person) and maintained for (entered length of time to keep a record).

Storage will consist of hanging in an enclosed cabinet to protect from damage.

All harnesses that are involved in a fall will be removed from/tagged out of service immediately.

Lanyards/Shock Absorbing Lanyard

Before each use, the employee must:

• Check lanyard material for cuts, burns, abrasions, kinks, knots, broken stitches, and excessive wear.
• Inspect the snap hooks for hook, locks,, and eye distortion.
• Check the carabineer for excessive wear, distortion and lock operation.
• Ensure that all locking mechanisms seat and lock properly.
• Once locked, locking mechanism should prevent hook from opening.
• Visually inspect shock absorber for any signs of damage, paying close attention to where the shock absorber attaches to the lanyard.
• Verify that points where the lanyard attaches to the snap hooks are free of detects.

A competent person will conduct an annual inspection of all lanyards. The inspection documentation will be provided to (insert job title of responsible person) and maintained for (insert length of time to keep record).

Storage will consist of hanging in an enclosed cabinet to protect from damage.

All lanyards that are involved in a fall will be destroyed.

Snap Hooks

Before each use, the employee will:

• Inspect snap hook for any hook and eye distortions.
• Verify there are no cracks, pitted surfaces and eye distortions.
• The keeper latch should not be bent, distorted or obstructed.
• Verify that the keeper latch seats into the nose without binding.
• Verify that the keeper spring securely closes the keeper latch.
• Test the locking mechanism to verify that the keeper latch locks properly.

A competent person will conduct an annual inspection of all snaphooks. The inspection documentation will be provided to (insert job title of responsible person) and maintained for (insert length of time to keep record).

All snap hooks involved in a fall will be removed from/tagged out of service.

Self-Retracting Lanyards

Before each use, the employee will:

• Visually inspect the body to ensure there is no physical damage.
• Make sure all back nuts or rivets are tight.
• Make sure the entire length of the nylon strap is free of any cuts, burns, abrasions, kinks, knots, broken stitches, and excessive wear and retracts freely.
• Test the unit by pulling sharply on the lanyard to verify that the locking mechanism is operating correctly.
• If manufacturer requires, make certain the retractable lanyard is returned to the manufacturer for scheduled annual inspections.

A competent person will conduct a monthly inspection of all self-retracting lanyards. The inspection documentation will be provided to (insert job title of responsible person) and maintained for (insert length of time to keep record).  Additionally, the lanyard will be inspected for proper function after every fall.

Tie-off Adaptors/Anchorages

• Inspect for integrity and attachment to solid surface.
• Annual inspection of all tie-offs and anchorages by a competent person with documentation.
• All tie-offs and anchorages will be destroyed and replaced after a fall.

Articulating Manlift

• Inspect before each use.
• Inspect/service per manufacturer’s guidelines. Forklifts, scissors lifts and safety nets will be inspected at the beginning of each shift in use. Structural integrity of forklift basket will be checked per same schedule.
• Annual inspection of forklift basket will be completed by a competent person with documentation maintained.

Horizontal Lifelines

• Inspect before each use for structural integrity of line and anchors.
• Annual inspection by a competent person.

Guardrails

• Temporary systems—Daily visual inspection will be completed by a competent person.
• Temporary systems—Weekly, a complete structural inspection will be completed by a competent person.
• Permanent systems—Annual structural inspection will be completed by a competent person with future frequency of inspection defined based on conditions/controls present.

Storage and Maintenance of Fall Protection Equipment (Best Practice)

• Never store the personal fall arrest equipment in the bottom of a toolbox, on the ground or outside exposed to the elements (i.e., sun, rain, snow).
• Hang equipment in a cool dry location in a manner that retains its shape.
• Always follow manufacturer’s recommendations for inspection.
• Clean with a mild, nonabrasive soap and hang to dry.
• Never force dry or use strong detergents in cleaning.
• Never store equipment near excessive heat, chemicals, moisture or sunlight.
• Never store in an area with exposures to fumes or corrosives elements.
• Avoid dirt and build-up on equipment.
• Never use this equipment for any purpose other than personal fall arrest.
• Once exposed to a fall, remove equipment from service immediately.

Training

The company will provide a fall prevention training program for each employee who might be exposed to fall hazards. The training program will include recognition of the hazards of falling and procedures to follow to minimize these hazards. Training materials will be reviewed to verify that each employee has been trained, as necessary, by a competent person qualified in the following areas:

• Nature of fall hazards in the work area.
• Correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling and inspecting the fall protection systems to be used.
• Use and operation of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, safety net systems, warning line systems, safety monitoring systems, controlled access zones (CAZs) and other protection to be used.
• Role of each employee in the safety monitoring system when this system is used.
• The limitations on the use of mechanical equipment during the performance of roofing work on low-sloped roofs.
• Correct procedures for the handling and storage of equipment and materials and the erection of overhead protection.
• Role of employees in fall protection plans.
• Requirements contained in 29 CFR 1926, Subpart M.
• Understanding and following all components of this fall protection program.

The company will maintain a written certification record for employee training. The record must contain the following information:

• Name or other identity of the employee trained.
• Date(s) of the training.
• Signature of the person who conducted the training or the signature of a company official.

When the supervisor has reason to believe that any affected employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required, the supervisor will retrain that employee. Retraining is required at least in the following circumstances:

• Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete.
• Changes in the types of fall protection systems or equipment to be used render previous training obsolete.
• Inadequacies in an affected employee’s knowledge or use of fall protection systems or equipment indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill.

Enforcement (Best Practice)

• Subject to discipline.
• Documentation of any violations will be kept in the staff member’s personnel file.
• Any employee not following the fall protection program or a portion of this procedure will be subject to disciplinary action.

Rescue Procedures

In the event of a fall, the following people will be notified as soon as possible to initiate rescue:

• Rescue personnel on-site.
• Supervisor/management.
• Fire department or emergency medical services if necessary.

At the beginning of any work activity where fall protection is required, rescue plans must be identified and discussed with all employees in case of a fall. The supervisor willdevelop the rescue plans.

All employees involved in a fall arrest or fall will be sent for a medical evaluation to determine extent of injuries, if any.

Program Evaluation

This fall protection program will be evaluated periodically to determine effectiveness. The following criteria will be used to evaluate its performance:

• Accident reports, number of accidents.
• Management/staff compliance with program components.
• Periodic on-site audits.
• Staff feedback, interviews.

Contractors

All outside contractors working in or on the premises will be required to follow the guidelines set forth in this fall protection program when the contractor and employees are exposed to fall hazards. Contractors in the pre-job meeting will be informed of these requirements as well as the on-site construction rules that apply.

The primary goal of this fire protection program is to reduce or eliminate fires in the worksite by heightening the fire safety awareness of all employees. Our program will be followed throughout all phases of the construction and demolition work involved.

Classification

Fires are classified into four groups according to sources of fuel: Class A, B, C, and D based on the type of fuel source.  Table 1 below describes the classifications of fire that can be used in making a hazard assessment.

Table 1

Fire Fighting Equipment

A fire extinguisher rated not less than 2A (acceptable substitutes are a ½-inch diameter garden-type hose not to exceed 100 feet capable of discharging a minimum of 5 gallons per minute or a 55-gallon drum of water with two fire pails), will be provided for every 3,000 square feet (270 square m) of the protected building area, or major fraction thereof. Travel distance from any point of the protected area to the nearest fire extinguisher must not exceed 100 feet (30.5 m).

Fire extinguishers will be conspicuously located, inspected monthly, and placed within the immediate area of any welding/cutting operation or a flammable liquid storage area. Any expired fire extinguisher will be reported to (insert title).
Access to fire hydrants will be maintained at all times.  Access to buildings and other structures will be maintained at all times.

Safe Work Practices

• Combustible refuse from construction operations will not be burned or dumped anywhere on the worksite.  Such refuse will be removed at frequent intervals.
• Only approved solvents are to be used for cleaning purposes.
• Oily rags and waste are to be stored separately in metal containers fitted with self-closing lids.  Trash and refuse must be placed in trash containers provided for this purpose.
• No open burning is permitted on the worksite.
• All fire safety rules and signs on this project will be observed.
• Only approved containers and portable tanks will be used for storing and handling flammable and combustible liquids.
• No more than 25 gallons (94.7 liters) of flammable or combustible liquids will be stored in a room outside of an approved storage cabinet.
• Flammable liquids will be kept in closed containers when not actually in use.

Flammable and Combustible Liquid Storage

No more than three storage cabinets may be located in a single storage area.  Inside storage rooms for flammable and combustible liquids will be of fire-resistant construction, have self-closing fire doors at all openings, 4-inch (10 centimeters) sills or depressed floors, a ventilation system that provides at least six air changes within the room per hour, and electrical wiring and equipment approved for Class 1, Division 1 location.

Storage in containers outside buildings will not exceed 1,100 gallons (4,164 liters) in any one pile or area. The storage area will be graded to divert possible spills away from buildings or other exposures or be surrounded by a curb or dike. Storage areas will be located at least 20 feet (6 m) from any building and free from weeds, debris, and other combustible materials not necessary to the storage.

Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting smoking will be posted in service and refueling areas.

Motor Vehicle Record Checks

All employees who drive a company vehicle will have their driving records checked.  [Insert how often checks will be conducted if necessary.] Driving records will be obtained from the Department of Transportation, Division of Motor Vehicles.

Violations that result in the suspension of an employee’s license with the state DMV may result in termination of employment if the employee must drive to perform the job.

Additionally, we have defined the number of violations an employee can have before losing the privilege of driving a company-owned vehicle or piece of equipment for work. If an employee has more than the following on his or her record using the Moving Violation Point System below as a guide, the employee will lose work-driving privileges. The loss of privileges to drive company-owned vehicles may require the employee to use a personal vehicle to continue employment or may result in termination of employment depending upon how the loss of privilege affects the employee’s ability to perform the job.

>__ Serious violations.

>__ Minor violations.

Moving Violation Point System

Serious Violations (seven points)

• Driving under the influence of alcohol or drug (N/A)
• Fleeing the scene of an accident or law enforcement (N/A).
• Driving under license suspension or revocation (N/A).
• Passing a stopped school bus (N/A).
• Speeding in a construction zone.
• 15 or more MPH above the speed limit.

Minor Violations (four points)

• From 10 MPH to 15 MPH above the speed limit.
• Passing on the yellow line or through an intersection.
• Running a red light.
• Failure to obey traffic signals.
• Tailgating.

Minor Violations (two points)

• Less than 10 MPH above the speed limit.
• Failure to yield the right of way.
• Failure to provide proper signals.

Company Accident Reporting Procedures

• Call 911.
• Provide first aid to injured parties if qualified and do not move accident victims unless fire or other condition makes it safer to do so.
• Wait for law enforcement. Do not move the vehicle until authorized by law enforcement unless the situation dictates otherwise.
• Report the accident to the supervisor as soon as possible.
• Provide accident documentation to supervisor upon return to office and file accident report.

Securing Materials for Transport

Secure tools or equipment while being transported to prevent unsafe movement of materials. During a crash or when making sudden maneuvers, loose objects can slide around or become airborne, injuring the driver and any passengers. Objects that could become a hazard should be secured or stored outside the passenger compartment.  Objects on the back or outside of vehicles must be properly secured to prevent it from falling off.  Never throw trash or other materials in the back of open truck or vehicle areas.

Seat Belt Use Policy

Seat belts are extremely effective in preventing injuries and loss of life. All employees must wear seat belts when operating a company-owned vehicle or any vehicle on company premises or on company business and all occupants are to wear seat belts or, where appropriate, child restraints when riding in a company-owned vehicle or in a personal vehicle being used for company business. All employees and their families are strongly encouraged to always use seat belts and the proper child restraints whenever they are driving or riding in any vehicle in any seating position.

Spotter Safety

A spotter should always be used any time a vehicle or moving equipment with a restricted view is operating on site. The spotter’s main responsibilities are to look out for himself or herself and look out for all others on the site. Some tips for the spotter include:

• Never leave the driver’s sight without notifying the operator to stop the vehicle.
• Always signal in an area the driver can see.
• Be consistent with hand signals to ensure understanding.

Safe Operation Techniques

• Do not drive a vehicle/equipment in reverse gear with an obstructed rear view unless it has an audible reverse alarm distinguishable from the surrounding noise level or another worker signals that it is safe. On sites with multiple vehicles with backup alarms, employees can become accustomed to these alarms and no longer hear them. Under these circumstances, the use of a spotter may be necessary.
• Workers must be highly visible in all levels of light. Warning clothing, such as red or orange vests, are required and, if worn for night work, must be of reflective material that meets the requirements of the most current version ANSI/ISEA 107.
• Never allow untrained workers to operate the equipment.
• Drive vehicles or equipment only on roadways or grades that are safely constructed and maintained. Failure to do so can result in overturned equipment.
• Make sure that you and all other personnel are in the clear before using dumping or lifting devices.
• Lower or block bulldozer and scraper blades, end-loader buckets, dump bodies, etc., when not in use, and leave all controls in a neutral position.
• Set parking brakes when vehicles and equipment are parked, and chock the wheels when on an incline.

Use of Personal Vehicles for Company Business

When employee-owned vehicles are used for business purposes for more than once-a-week local errands, the following procedures will be followed:

• The vehicle must be properly registered, tagged, and inspected per NCDMV requirements
• The employee must provide semi-annual proof of insurance. Generally, this will be done by providing an up-to-date insurance policy or card.

In cases where an employee’s duties require them to drive their own vehicle routinely (defined as “more than once a week in a continuing fashion”) on company business, the employee will be required to provide a copy of their insurance declaration page and at management’s discretion (based on counsel with the insurance agent/carrier) the employee may be requested to have the following minimum limits (Example limits) on their personal auto policy:

• $300,000 combined single limit; or
• $100,000 per person/$300,000 per accident/$50,000 property damage.

The minimum limits of personal autos listed above are for business purposes only. They are not meant to address employees’ entire insurance needs. Evaluation of such needs should be referred to the employee’s insurance agent or company.

Work Zone Safety

• Use traffic signs, barricades, or flaggers when construction takes place near public roadways.
• Ensure the traffic control zone is divided and maintained into five distinct areas: advance warning area, transition area, buffer area, worker area and termination area.
• Display properly spaced advance warning signs to notify drivers of lane tapering, shoulder work, paving or other activity.

Flaggers, signaling by flaggers and the garments worn must follow the OSHA rules that are incorporated by reference from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Part 6.

Company Vehicle Maintenance

Vehicles will be inspected by (insert job title of responsible person) every (insert inspection frequency).

At a minimum, the following items will be checked:

• Ensure seat belts are in working order and meet the regulations found in OSHA standard 29 CFR 1926.601(b)(9).
• Check vehicles before each shift to ensure that all parts and accessories are in safe operating condition. Examples include brake system, tire inflation and condition, emergency brakes, steering, and all lights.
• Ensure audible alarms and horns are in working order. All bidirectional machines, such as front-end loaders, back hoes and bulldozers, must be equipped with a horn.

Cell Phones or Radios

The company will provide hands-free cell phones or other radio equipment to employees who have a business need for such equipment. “Hands-free” in this instance refers to not having to hold the phone while carrying on a discussion; however, placing calls and hanging up may require handling the phone.

For other employees, use of a cell phone while driving is prohibited when driving on company business. Drivers using a hands-free system should find a place to safely pull off of the road should they find themselves in complex or emotional conversations that can hinder safe driving or situations where they must refer to or take notes.  No texting while driving is allowed.

For commercial vehicle operators, any applicable Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR) or state/local regulations regarding cell phone use should be followed where stricter than the above policy.

Commercial Motor Vehicle Operation (Commercial Driver’s License – CDL)

For commercial motor vehicle operation, the following additional requirements under FMCSR 391 must be met. Some key elements of this section include:

• Drivers must be at least 21 years old.
• Drivers being able to read and speak the English language sufficiently to converse with the general public, to understand highway signs and signals in the English language, to respond to official inquiries, and to make entries on reports/records.
• Driver can, by reason of experience, training or both, safely operate the type of commercial motor vehicle you intend to have the driver operate.
• Driver is physically qualified to drive a commercial motor vehicle.
• Driver has a valid commercial motor vehicle operator’s license.
• Driver has prepared and furnished you a list of moving violations covering the last 12 months.
• Driver is not disqualified to drive a commercial motor vehicle.
• Driver has successfully completed a driver’s road test and has been issued a certificate of driver’s road test from a previous or current employer.

For prospective commercial motor vehicle drivers, inquiries must be made of former employers over the last three years and, at a minimum, the last three years of the driver’s driving records must be requested from the appropriate agency of every state where the driver was licensed to operate over the past three years.

Road Tests

Prior to operating a company vehicle, in addition to providing a valid driver’s license and meeting the motor-vehicle record criteria, drivers must complete a road test provided by an authorized member of management. This is generally a 20-30 minute documented observation of your driving skills with the vehicle you are expected to be operating. Undue concerns may result in an advanced driver-training course (classroom or over the Internet) being required prior to driving a company vehicle.

Cargo Security

Cargo/equipment falling from vehicles can result in fatalities to pedestrians or other drivers.

Prior to each trip in a company pickup, truck, or van, a final walk-around of the vehicle by the driver should be completed to ensure that all cargo and equipment is adequately secured. In cases of questionable security, management or veteran drivers should be contacted for advice.  Inspecting the cargo/equipment within the first 50 miles of the trip (as required for commercial motor vehicles per FMCSR 392.9) is recommended.

Drug and Alcohol Policy: Commercial Motor Vehicles Requiring a CDL

As applicable, FMSCR 382, “Controlled Substances and Alcohol Use and Testing,” will be followed.

Vehicle Inspections

All passenger vehicles over 10,001  gross vehicle weight (GVW) are required to have a minimum of semi-annual inspections to ensure proper preventive maintenance (tire rotations, oil changes, etc.), drivability, care, and recordkeeping.

All vehicles over 10,001 GVW, those that are designed for 15 or more passengers (including the driver), or those hauling hazardous materials to the extent that the vehicle needs to be placarded “Commercial Motor Vehicle” must have daily post-trip inspections performed and documented by the operator. This should also include documentation on maintenance concerns that would be seen by the next driver of the vehicle and any mechanical repairs that were completed between inspections.

Pre-trip inspections, also known as walk-arounds, are required for commercial motor vehicles. This inspection also includes a review of the last driver vehicle inspection report. No written documentation of this inspection is required unless there needs to be a sign-off on the prior driver vehicle inspection report.

Accident Review Committee

An accident review committee will be established and composed of three members chosen at large. One member will be a manager, one member will be a senior/experienced driver, and one member will be an employee chosen at large.

The purpose of this committee is to review the circumstances involving an accident to determine if the accident was preventable. The National Safety Council (NSC) guidelines will be used for this determination. A preventable accident is defined by NSC as: “Any occurrence involving a vehicle which results in property damage and/or personal injury, regardless of who was injured, what property was damaged, to what extent, or where it occurred; in which the driver in question failed to do everything he/she reasonably could have done to prevent the occurrence.”

The definition of a preventable accident will be strictly and impartially applied. All accidents will be reviewed for evidence of defensive driving techniques.

Accident Review Findings

The findings of the accident review committee will be presented to the driver. If the committee finds the accident was preventable and the driver disagrees, the driver is encouraged to present “their side” and ask for a reopening of the finding. The committee may request assistance from insurance agency/carrier, loss control professionals in the event of a nonunanimous committee opinion or requested reopening. The committee, however, is under no obligation to reopen an accident review.

The findings of the committee will be placed in the driver’s personal driving file for future review. If the accident was preventable, the driver may be subject to additional action as deemed appropriate by their supervisor or top-level management. These actions may include, but not be limited to, the following:

• Attendance at an advanced driver training seminar.
• Assignment (usually temporary) to a nondriving position.
• One and two above.
• Probation without pay from one to three weeks.
• Termination of employment (when driving record criteria is surpassed).

Appropriate personal protective equipment, such as safety goggles and gloves, will be worn to protect against hazards that may be encountered while using hand tools.

Power tools will be fitted with guards and safety switches. They are extremely hazardous when used improperly. The types of power tools are determined by their power source: electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic or powder-actuated.

Portable Abrasive Wheel Tools—Safe Work Practices

Portable abrasive grinding, cutting, polishing and wire buffing wheels create special safety problems because they may throw off flying fragments. Abrasive wheel tools will be equipped with guards that: (a) cover the spindle end, nut and flange projections; (b) maintain proper alignment with the wheel; and (c) do not exceed the strength of the fastenings.

Before an abrasive wheel is mounted, it will be inspected closely for damage and should be sound- or ring-tested to ensure that it is free from cracks or defects. To test, wheels should be tapped gently with a light, nonmetallic instrument. If the wheels sound cracked or dead, it will not be used because they could fly apart in operation. A stable and undamaged wheel, when tapped, will give a clear metallic tone or “ring.”

When using a powered grinder:

• Always use eye or face protection.
• Turn off the power when not in use.
• Never clamp a hand-held grinder in a vise.

Pneumatic Tools—Safe Work Practices

Pneumatic tools will be checked to see that the tools are fastened securely to the air hose to prevent them from becoming disconnected. A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool must also be used and will serve as an added safeguard.

If an air hose is more than ½ inch (12.7 mm) in diameter, a safety excess flow valve must be installed at the source of the air supply to reduce pressure in case of hose failure.

In general, the same precautions should be taken with an air hose that are recommended for electric cords, because the hose is subject to the same kind of damage or accidental striking, and because it also presents tripping hazards.

When using pneumatic tools, a safety clip or retainer must be installed to prevent attachments, such as chisels on a chipping hammer, from being ejected during tool operation.

Pneumatic tools that shoot nails, rivets, staples or similar fasteners and operate at pressures more than 100 pounds per square inch (689 kPa), must be equipped with a special device to keep fasteners from being ejected, unless the muzzle is pressed against the work surface.

Airless spray guns that atomize paints and fluids at pressures of 1,000 pounds or more per square inch (6,890 kPa) must be equipped with automatic or visible manual safety devices that will prevent pulling the trigger until the safety device is manually released.

Eye protection is required and head and face protection is recommended for employees working with pneumatic tools.

Screens must also be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying fragments around chippers, riveting guns, staplers and air drills.

Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone. Never “dead-end” them against yourself or anyone else. A chip guard must be used when compressed air is used for cleaning.

Use of heavy jackhammers can cause fatigue and strains. Heavy rubber grips reduce these effects by providing a secure handhold.  When operating a jackhammer, wear safety glasses and safety shoes that protect you against injury if the jackhammer slips or falls. A face shield should also be used.

Noise is another hazard associated with pneumatic tools. Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper, effective use of appropriate hearing protection.

Jointers—Safe Work Practices

Each hand-fed planer and jointer with a horizontal head will be equipped with a cylindrical cutting head. The opening in the table must be kept as small as possible.

Each hand-fed jointer with a horizontal cutting head will have an automatic guard to cover the section of the head on the working side of the fence or cage.

A jointer guard will automatically adjust itself to cover the unused portion of the head and must remain in contact with the material at all times.

Each hand-fed jointer with horizontal cutting head will have a guard to cover the section of the head back of the cage or fence.

Liquid Fuel Tools—Safe Work Practices

Fuel powered tools are usually operated with gasoline. The most serious hazard associated with the use of fuel-powered tools comes from fuel vapors that can burn or explode and also give off dangerous exhaust fumes. Be careful to handle, transport, and store gas or fuel only in approved flammable liquid containers, according to proper procedures for flammable liquids.

Before refilling a fuel powered tool tank, shut down the engine and allow it to cool to prevent accidental ignition of hazardous vapors. When a fuel-powered tool is used inside a closed area, effective ventilation and/or proper respirators such as atmosphere-supplying respirators must be utilized to avoid breathing carbon monoxide. Fire extinguishers must also be available in the area.

Powder-Actuated Tools—Safe Work Practices

Powder-actuated tools operate like a loaded gun and must be treated with extreme caution. In fact, they are so dangerous that they must be operated only by specially trained employees.

When using powder-actuated tools, wear suitable ear, eye and face protection. Select a powder level—high or low velocity—that is appropriate for the powder-actuated tool and necessary to do the work without excessive force.

The muzzle end of the tool must have a protective shield or guard centered perpendicular to and concentric with the barrel to confine any fragments or particles that are projected when the tool is fired. A tool containing a high velocity load must be designed not to fire unless it has this kind of safety device.

To prevent the tool from firing accidentally, two separate motions are required for firing. The first motion is to bring the tool into the firing position, and the second motion is to pull the trigger. The tool must not be able to operate until it is pressed against the work surface with a force of at least five pounds (2.2 kg) greater than the total weight of the tool.

If a powder-actuated tool misfires, hold the tool in the operating position for at least 30 seconds before trying to fire it again. If it still will not fire, the user must hold the tool in the operating position for another 30 seconds and then carefully remove the load in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. This procedure will make the faulty cartridge less likely to explode. The bad cartridge should then be put in water immediately after removal. If the tool develops a defect during use, it should be tagged and must be taken out of service immediately until it is properly repaired.

Safety precautions that must be followed when using powder-actuated tools include the following:

• Do not use a tool in an explosive or flammable atmosphere.
• Inspect the tool before using it to determine that it is clean, that all moving parts operate freely, and that the barrel is free from obstructions and has the proper shield, guard, and attachments recommended by the manufacturer.
• Do not load the tool unless it is to be used immediately.
• Do not leave a loaded tool unattended, especially where it would be available to unauthorized people.
• Keep hands clear of the barrel end.
• Never point the tool at anyone.

When using powder-actuated tools to apply fasteners, several additional procedures must be followed:

• Do not fire fasteners into material that would allow the fasteners to pass through to the other side.
• Do not drive fasteners into very hard or brittle material that might chip or splatter or make the fasteners ricochet.
• Always use an alignment guide when shooting fasteners into existing holes.
• When using a high velocity tool, do not drive fasteners more than 3 inches (7.62 cm) from an unsupported edge or corner of material such as brick or concrete.
• When using a high velocity tool, do not place fasteners in steel any closer than ½ inch (1.27 cm) from an unsupported corner edge unless a special guard, fixture or jig is used.

Mechanical Power Transmission—Safe Work Practices

Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, flywheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating or moving parts of equipment will be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by employees or otherwise constitute a hazard.

Guarding will meet the requirement of ANSI B15.1-1953 (R 1958), Safety Code for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus.

Hydraulic Power Tools—Safe Work Practices

The fluid used in hydraulic power tools must be an approved fire-resistant fluid and must retain its operating characteristics at the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed. The exception to fire-resistant fluid involves all hydraulic fluids used for the insulated sections of derrick trucks, aerial lifts, and hydraulic tools that are used on or around energized lines. This hydraulic fluid will be of the insulating type.

The manufacturer’s recommended safe operating pressure for hoses, valves, pipes, filters and their fittings must not be exceeded.

All jacks, including lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks, must have a stop indicator and the stop limit must not be exceeded. Also the manufacturer’s load limit must be permanently marked in a prominent place on the jack and the load limit must not be exceeded.

A jack should never be used to support a lifted load. Once the load has been lifted, it must immediately be blocked up. Put a block under the base of the jack when the foundation is not firm, and place a block between the jack cap and load if the cap might slip.

To set up a jack, make certain of the following:

• The base of the jack rests on a firm, level surface.
• The jack is correctly centered.
• The jack head bears against a level surface.
• The lift force is applied evenly.

Proper maintenance of jacks is essential for safety. All jacks must be lubricated regularly. In addition, each jack must be inspected according to the following schedule: (a) for jacks used continuously or intermittently at one site—inspected at least once every six months, (b) for jacks sent out of the shop for special work—inspected when sent out and inspected when returned, and (3) for jacks subjected to abnormal loads or shock—inspected before use and immediately thereafter.

Woodworking Tools and Machinery—Safe Work Practices

All fixed power-driven woodworking tools will be provided with a disconnect switch that can be either locked or tagged in the off position.

All woodworking tools and machinery will meet applicable requirements of ANSI 01.1 – 1961, Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery.

Band Saws

All portions of band saw blades will be enclosed or guarded, except for the working portion of the blade between the bottom of the guide rolls and the table.

Band saw wheels will be fully encased.

Portable Circular Saws
Portable power-driven circular saws will be equipped with guards above and below the base plate or shoe. The lower guard will cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction and contact with the work, and must automatically return to the covering position when the blade is removed from the work.

Radial Saws

Radial saws will have an upper guard that completely encloses the upper half of the saw blade. The sides of the lower exposed portion of the blade will be guarded by a device that will automatically adjust to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut.

Radial saws used for ripping will have no kickback fingers or dogs.

Radial saws will be installed so that the cutting head will return to the starting position when released by the operator.

Swing or Sliding Cut-Off Saws

All swing or sliding cut-off saws will have a hood that will completely enclose the upper half of the saw.

Limit stops will be provided to prevent swing or sliding-type cut-off saws from extending beyond the front or back edges of the table.

Each swing or sliding cut-off saw will be provided with an effective device to return the saw automatically to the back of the table when released at any point of its travel.

Inverted sawing of sliding cut-off saws will be provided with a hood that will cover the part of the saw that protrudes above the top of the table or material being cut.

Table Saws

Circular table saws will have a hood over the portion of the saw above the table, so mounted that the hood will automatically adjust itself to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut.

Circular table saws will have a spreader aligned with the blade, spaced no more than ½ inch (1.27 cm) behind the largest blade mounted in the saw. This does not apply when grooving, dadoing, or rabbiting.

Circular table saws used for ripping will have no kickback fingers or dogs.

Feeder attachments will have the feed rolls or other moving parts covered or guarded so as to protect the operator from hazardous points.

(Insert job title of responsible person) has been assigned the title of hazard communication program coordinator and is responsible for monitoring all related activities to ensure compliance with both the intent and specifics of this program.

Each supervisor will be held responsible for strict adherence to these policies and will closely monitor all activities involving hazardous chemicals.

Each employee will carefully follow established work practices and promptly report observed or potential problems to supervision.

No job is so vital or urgent as to justify the risk of employee overexposure to a hazardous chemical. Ask when in doubt. Proceed with a job only after being satisfied that it is safe to do so.

A list of all hazardous chemicals for each workplace has been made and is readily available upon request to any employee working on any shift. It is located at (insert location of hazardous chemical list).

A material safety data sheet (MSDS) for each hazardous chemical on the list referenced above is on file at (Insert location of MSDS).

The MSDSs are accessible during each workshift for any employee to review. If you have further questions about the MSDS procedure, contact your supervisor.

(Insert job title of responsible person) is responsible to ensure that the list of hazardous chemicals is kept current and that a current MSDS is on hand for each hazardous chemical used. A chemical that is not shown on the current list will not be ordered without prior coordination with (Insert job title of responsible person).

All containers of hazardous chemicals in each workplace will be conspicuously labeled with the identity of the chemical (same as on the applicable MSDS) and the appropriate hazard warnings.  If the chemical is a known or suspected cancer-causing agent (carcinogen) or if it is known to affect a specific organ of the body, this information will also be placed on the container label. The person having supervisory responsibility for the storage or use of each hazardous chemical will ensure that such labels are not defaced and that they remain legible at all times.

(Insert job title of responsible person) will ensure that an adequate supply of labels is kept on hand and made available to the responsible supervisors.

(Insert job title of responsible person) is responsible for anticipating, as much as possible, the hazards that would be present for non-routine tasks, such as chemical spill or container rupture. Clean-up procedures and proper personal protective equipment will be considered and adequate training for such tasks will be addressed.

When an outside contractor will be used, it will be the responsibility of (Insert job title of responsible person) to advise the contractor of any hazardous chemicals to which their employees may be exposed and the appropriate protective measures to be taken. Conversely, it will be the same person’s responsibility to determine if the contractor will be using any hazardous chemicals during this work that would expose employees. Appropriate training and protective measures must be taken to protect employees. Prior to any work being performed by an outside contractor involving hazardous chemicals, (Insert job title of responsible person) is to be advised.

All employees exposed to any hazardous chemicals will complete an information and training program that includes at least the subjects listed below. New employees must complete similar instruction before initial exposure to any hazardous chemical in the workplace.

Adequate training of all employees exposed to hazardous chemicals will be given by (Insert job title of responsible person) assisted as needed by the hazard communication program coordinator.

Employee information for this program will include:

• The purpose and need for such a program, including the basic concept that gives every employee the right to know about hazardous chemicals with which they work.
• The location and availability of the written hazard communication program, plus the list of hazardous chemicals and their corresponding MSDSs.
• The identity, upon request, of any chemical to which the employee is exposed. In the case of a trade secret chemical, the name shown on the MSDS will be provided.

Employee training will include at least the following:

• Methods and observations used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area, such as monitoring devices, appearance or odor.
• The physical and health hazards associated with each chemical, as specified in the MSDS.
• Action that employees can take to protect their own safety and health, including specific procedures that have been established for normal work practices, emergency procedures and policies on the use of personal protective equipment.
• Details of the hazard communication program, including an explanation of the labeling system used on in-house containers of hazardous chemicals. Also details of how employees can obtain and use information contained in the MSDS.

It is the intent of management to protect the safety and health of each employee.  By following correct procedures, no employee should experience any harmful effects from working with chemicals in the workplace.

A hazardous material is a material that is capable of producing harmful physical or health effects. These include fire, sudden release of pressure, explosion and other violent reactions. Harmful health effects include acute conditions and chronic conditions.

Acute conditions develop soon after overexposure to hazardous materials and include burns, rashes, respiratory distress, convulsions and possibly even death. Chronic conditions develop after long-term exposure to hazardous materials and include cancers, nervous system disorders and damage to other organ systems.

Safe Work Practices

Whenever it is feasible, engineering controls will be used to reduce employee exposure to hazardous materials. The two most common engineering controls are the use of local exhaust and general ventilation. These measures limit an employee’s exposure to airborne contaminants.

When engineering controls are not available or they fail to adequately reduce hazards, other personal protective equipment is required. Examples of personal protective equipment include but are not limited to safety glasses, hearing protection, gloves and respirators.

Review the MSDS for PPE requirements, protective measures and emergency response as applicable.

Spill Procedure

• If the spilled material is flammable, turn off ignition and heat sources.
• Attend to any person who may have been contaminated.
• Notify individuals in the area about the spill.
• Evacuate nonessential personnel.
• Avoid breathing vapors of spilled material. Establish an exhaust or ventilation if it is safe to do so. Air handling units are not to be used because they recirculate the hazardous vapors. Contact your supervisor for information about the proper ventilation or exhaust required.
• If a spill is relatively large or involves a highly toxic material, a carcinogen or flammable material, contact your supervisor for assistance in cleaning up the spill and disposing of the hazardous waste resulting from the cleanup.

First Aid Procedures for Hazardous Materials

Eye Contact

If a chemical has been splashed into the eyes, immediately wash the eye and inner surface of the eyelid with copious amounts of water for 15 minutes. Check for and remove any contact lenses at once. Seek medical attention immediately.

Ingestion

Consult MSDS, a chemical first aid manual or call the Poison Control Information Center at 1-800-222-1222. Follow directions and seek medical attention immediately.

Minor Skin Contact

Promptly flush the affected area with water and remove any contaminated clothing. If symptoms persist after washing, seek medical attention.

Major Skin Contact

If chemicals have been spilled over a large area of the body, quickly remove all contaminated clothing while using the shower. Wash off chemicals by using a mild detergent or soap and water; do not neutralize chemicals or apply salves. Repeat if pain returns. Seek medical attention immediately.

Remember that for some chemicals, such as hydrofluoric acid, effects resulting from exposure may not become apparent until hours or days later. Consult the MSDS for any chemical to which someone has been exposed, even if no immediate injury is apparent.

If Employee is on Fire

If clothing is on fire, help the individual to the floor and roll the victim around to smother the flames. If a safety shower is immediately available, douse the person with water; running to a remote shower will only fan the flame.

Fire blankets are primarily used as a first aid measure for prevention of shock rather than against smoldering or burning clothing. A fire blanket may direct flames toward the face.

Feasible engineering or administrative controls will be used to protect employees against sound levels in excess of those shown in Table D-2.  When engineering or administrative controls fail to reduce sound levels within the limits of Table D-2, ear protective devices will be provided and used. In all cases where the sound levels exceed the values shown in Table D-2, a continuing, effective hearing conservation program will be administered.

Table D-2—Permissible Noise Exposures

Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level. Plain cotton is not an acceptable protective device.

Exposure Monitoring

An ongoing noise exposure evaluation program is required under the OSHA Standard for Occupational Noise Exposure when information indicates that any employee’s exposure may equal or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average of 90 dBA. Monitoring will be repeated whenever a change in production, process, equipment or control increases noise exposure to the extent that:

• Additional employees may be exposed at or above the PEL.
• The attenuation provided by the hearing protectors being used by the employees may be rendered inadequate. A complete sound survey of the company is recommended at least every two years.

If it is determined through noise monitoring that employee are exposed at or above 90 dBA as an 8-hour time-weighted-average, then the employees must be provided with:

• Annual hearing tests.
• Annual hearing conservation training.
• Hearing protection (optional or mandatory).
• Notification of the results of the sound survey.

If the noise level exceeds 90 dBA, the standard requires that engineering and administrative control measures must be investigated, evaluated and where feasible, utilized to reduce employee exposures.  It is important that any measure investigated, utilized, or evaluated to reduce the noise levels be documented.  Hearing protection is mandatory for employees exposed at or above 90 dBA as an 8-hour time-weighted average.

Engineering Controls to Reduce Noise

Contact the equipment manufacturer for noise abatement suggestions. Purchase quieter equipment and perform routine maintenance to reduce noise levels.

Reduction of noise levels at the source:

• Substitution of materials (i.e., plastic for metal).
• Dampening or reducing surface vibration.
• Increasing the distance between the employee and the noise source.
• Enclosures or sound insulation material.
• Relocation of job tasks that may be completed out of high-noise areas.

Administrative Controls to Reduce Noise

When engineering measures alone cannot reduce the noise below 90 dBA, administrative controls may be used to minimize employee exposure such as worker rotation from high noise levels to quiet areas or limiting the length of time an employee can work when rotation is not possible.

Hearing Conservation Training

Hearing conservation training will be conducted initially and as needed for all employees with noise exposures of 90 dBA TWA or greater.  The goal of the training is to teach the employees the company hearing conservation program policies and the requirements of the standard.

The following topics will be included in the employee training of the hearing conservation program:

The effects of noise on hearing:

• It can take many years to occur and the employee may not realize the gradual hearing loss.  The loss occurs without any pain and cannot be corrected by any known medical or surgical treatment.  A good rule of thumb to remember is that if you have to raise your voice at a distance of 3 feet, you are in an area with a possible hazardous noise level. Repeated unprotected noise exposure will cause permanent hearing loss.  The hearing conservation program has been established to ensure that if you ever have a standard threshold shift, your noise exposure can be lessened by using engineering or administrative controls or more effective hearing protection.  Thus, the problem can be controlled.

The purpose of the annual hearing test and an explanation of the test procedures:

• The purpose of the annual hearing test is to monitor your hearing.  Periodic audiometric testing provides an early warning of hearing disability.  Factors such as noisy hobbies, ear infections, diseases of the ear, as well as general illness may also cause hearing loss.  All employees’ hearing will be checked upon employment and once a year thereafter.  You will be notified of any changes in your hearing.  You cannot fail the test, and you will not lose your job due to the results of the test.

The purpose of hearing protectors, instructions on selection, advantages, disadvantages, fitting use, and care:

• The proper use of hearing protection will prevent many types of hearing loss.  You must wear the required hearing protection properly and regularly to reap the benefits of the protection.  You should have already been fitted by (insert name) for your size and type of earplug.  If you have any problems with the fit of your hearing protectors, contact (insert name).

Hearing Tests

All employees who are exposed to a noise level of 90 dBA or above will be in the hearing conservation program and have their hearing checked annually.   All hearing test results and other required documentation will be maintained in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.

Employees will be scheduled as follows: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Testing will begin in (time frame) for all employees requiring the annual hearing test.  Each employee’s supervisor or designee will notify that employee of the test.

It is the responsibility of (insert name) to ensure that contractors providing hearing tests to employees meet OSHA requirements.  It will be the responsibility of (insert name) to obtain and file the following documentation annually from the contractor providing the hearing tests:  current audiometer calibration check records, last audiometer check, both background noise level records and current audiometer technician certification.  If a mobile van used for testing cannot provide these records, then another testing center will be used.

(Insert name) will provide a file for the audiograms that is separate from other medical or personnel files.  These files will be kept confidential.

Hearing Protection

The proper use of hearing protection will prevent many types of hearing loss.  The employee must wear the required hearing protection properly and regularly to reap the benefits of the protection.  If you have any problems with the fit of your hearing protectors, contact (insert name).

How to Properly Wear Hearing Protectors

We will ensure the proper initial fitting and that the company provides training in the use and care of all hearing provided to employees.

Employee hearing protection training is required:

• Annually during hearing conservation training.
• Each time an employee shows a standard threshold shift change in hearing.

To prevent a hearing loss, hearing protectors must be worn correctly and taken care of.  Keep your ear plugs clean by washing them in warm soapy water and make sure they are completely dry before inserting them in your ears.  Inspect your hearing protection regularly.  If they become damaged, hard or worn out, replace them with a new pair.

Due to the fact that everyone has different size ear canals, each person will be fitted by (insert name) to ensure they receive the right size.  Each employee will be instructed on how to put their personal hearing protectors in and also be given the chance to practice in front of the hearing conservationist.  Two different types of hearing protectors will be provided to employees.  If there is a problem with the fit comfort of your hearing protectors, see (insert name) and you will be given a different type of protection.

Recordkeeping

A number of documents will be retained for specified periods as shown in the following records and documentation.  It is also required that these records be provided, upon request, to employees, former employees, representatives designated by the individual employee and the assistant secretary of labor.

Hearing Tests

The two types of hearing tests are annual hearing tests and baseline hearing tests.  The annual hearing testing is required for employees with 85 dBA TWA or higher noise exposures.  Testing can be done any time during the day.  Baseline hearing testing is done when an employee is initially hired.  The baseline is extremely important because it is the reference against which future audiograms are compared to determine the extent to which an employee’s hearing is deteriorating.  OSHA says a baseline must be done within six months of hire.

If a mobile van is used, the baseline is required within one year of an employee’s first exposure at or above the action level.  However, the employee must wear protection for any period exceeding six months until the baseline is obtained. (North Carolina Workers’ Compensation Law has a 90-working-day grace period.  If a company gives the baseline before the grace period is up, then the company may be liable only for subsequent hearing loss.)  It is required that the baseline audiogram be preceded by at least 14 hours without exposure to workplace noise.  Time that hearing protection is worn may be included as part of the 14 hours without exposure to noise.

All employees will be notified that they need to avoid nonoccupational noise exposure during the 14 hours prior the audiometric test.  If it is not possible to avoid high noise levels prior to testing, the employee should wear hearing protection prior to the test to minimize the possibility of a temporary threshold.

A retest audiogram can be conducted to verify or confirm a standard threshold result.  Times when a retest may be needed:

• The company may obtain a retest within 30 days of the original test and use the results to determine whether a persistent threshold shift has occurred.
• The audiologist or physician requests a retest to confirm test results.
• The test administrator requests a new test due to errors in the original test.

Audiometer

 The company must verify that the following checks are made:

• The functional operation of the audiometer must be checked before each day’s use by a person with stable hearing thresholds.
• Acoustic calibration check annually per the requirements of Appendix E of the standard.
• Exhaustive calibration checks at least every two years per ANSI S3.6.

Pulsed-tone and self-recording audiometers must meet the requirements of Appendix C of the standard.

Booth

The following must be done:

• Noise levels inside the booth must be checked with the ventilation fan on and off each time the booth location or environment changes.
• With no change in the environment or location, it is recommended that the background noise levels be checked every three years.

Recording Hearing Loss on the OSHA 300 Log

Hearing loss meeting the criteria in 29 CFR 1904.10 must be recorded on the “Occupational Illness or Injury Form” in the hearing loss column.

Standard Threshold Shift

A standard threshold shift is a change in hearing threshold relative to the baseline audiogram of an average of 10 or more dBA at 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000 Hz.  If a standard threshold shift has occurred, the employee must be informed in writing within 21 days of the determination. Employees must be trained in using hearing protectors, and in care of the hearing protectors. If the employee is already using hearing protectors, he or she must be retrained and refitted. If necessary, hearing protectors can be changed to a different type.

Exposure Limits

The 8-hour TWA permissible exposure limit (PEL) for hexavalent chromium is 5 μg/m³ measured as Cr(VI). This means that over the course of any 8-hour work shift, the average exposure to Cr(VI) cannot exceed 5 μg/m³.

The action level is set at 2.5 μg/m³ of Cr(VI) calculated as an 8-hour TWA.

Exposure Monitoring and Determinations

We have assessed the workplace and work operations and have determined that there are exposures to Cr(VI).

To comply, we will perform the following exposure determination (Choose one option below and delete the other one):

• Scheduled monitoring option 1; or
• Performance-oriented option 2.

Scheduled Monitoring (Option 1)

Initial Monitoring

We have selected the scheduled monitoring option, which requires initial exposure monitoring to determine exposure to Cr(VI) for each worker. We have taken a sufficient number of personal breathing zone air samples to accurately characterize full shift exposure on each shift, for each job classification and in each work area.

Monitoring results will indicate the worker’s time-weighted average exposure to airborne Cr(VI) over a typical 8-hour workday. In some cases, we will monitor all exposed workers, while in cases where workers perform the same job under the same conditions, we will only monitor “representative” personnel.

Periodic Monitoring

Periodic monitoring will be conducted quarterly when initial monitoring shows that the worker’s exposure is at or above the action level

Monitoring Frequency

If initial monitoring shows exposures above the PEL, but subsequent periodic measurements indicate that exposures have fallen to levels at or below the PEL, but still above the action level, we will reduce the frequency of periodic monitoring to every six months. We will discontinue periodic monitoring for workers represented by monitoring results indicating that exposures have fallen below the action level if those results are confirmed by a second measurement taken seven days later.

Additional Monitoring

Additional monitoring will be conducted when a workplace change results in new or additional exposures to Cr(VI) or we have reasons to believe that new or additional exposures have occurred. These changes include alterations in the production process, raw materials, equipment, personnel, work practices or control methods used in the workplace.

Performance-Oriented (Option 2)

We have determined the 8-hour TWA exposure for each worker on the basis of a combination of air monitoring data, historical monitoring data and objective data sufficient to accurately determine current worker exposure to Cr(VI). This option allows us flexibility in assessing the Cr(VI) exposures of our personnel more accurately.

The exposure determination will be performed prior to the time that the work operation commences and will provide the same degree of assurance that worker exposures have been correctly characterized as is provided for under the scheduled monitoring option.

We will reevaluate worker exposures when there is any change in the production process, raw materials, equipment, personnel, work practices or control methods that may result in new or additional exposures to Cr(VI). However, this option does not require any particular fixed schedule for performing reevaluations.

Objective Data

The objective data means information that demonstrates the expected worker exposure to Cr(VI) associated with a particular product or material or a specific process, operation or activity.

Information that can serve as objective data includes, but is not limited to, air monitoring data from an industry-wide survey; data collected by a trade association from its members; or calculations based on the composition or chemical and physical properties of a material. The data will reflect workplace conditions closely resembling the processes, types of material, control methods, work practices and environmental conditions in our current operations.

Regulated Areas

We will regulate areas wherever a worker’s exposure to airborne concentrations of Cr(VI) is or is reasonably expected to be above the PEL. The regulated areas will be distinguishable from the rest of the workplace in a manner that adequately establishes and alerts workers to the boundaries of the regulated area.

This may be conducted by the use of warning signs, gates, ropes, barricades, lines, textured flooring or whatever other methods may be appropriate. Whatever methods are chosen will effectively warn workers not to enter the area unless they are authorized.

Authorized personnel are those employees required by their job duties to be present in the area and may include maintenance/repair personnel, managers and quality control engineers. Designated worker representatives may also enter the regulated area to observe exposure monitoring.

All people who enter the regulated area will use proper protective equipment, including respirators when appropriate.

Control Measures

To protect workers from Cr(VI) hazards whenever exposures exceed the PEL, we will use engineering and work practice controls to reduce and maintain Cr(VI) exposures to or below the PEL. These are the most effective controls.

Whenever feasible engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposures to or below the PEL, we will use such controls to reduce exposures to the lowest levels achievable and supplement them by the use of respiratory protection.

Engineering controls include substitution (using a less toxic material or process that results in lower exposures), isolation (such as enclosing the source of exposure), and ventilation (such as using a local exhaust system that captures airborne Cr(VI) near its source).

Work practice controls involve adjustments in the way a task is performed. Workers will be trained on the proper way to perform a task to minimize their exposure and to maximize the effectiveness of the control. In many cases, work practice controls complement engineering controls in providing worker protection.

We will not rotate workers to different jobs as a means of achieving compliance with the PEL.

Respiratory Protection

 
We will provide workers with respirators when feasible engineering and work practice controls are unable to reduce worker exposure to Cr(VI) to levels at or below the PEL.

Respirators are required during:

• Work operations such as maintenance and repair activities for which engineering and work practice controls are not feasible.
•  Emergencies (i.e., any occurrence that results or is likely to result in an uncontrolled release of Cr(VI) that is not an incidental release that can be controlled by workers in the immediate area or by maintenance personnel).
•  Where workers are exposed above the PEL for fewer than 30 days per year and the employer has opted not to implement engineering/work practice controls to achieve the PEL.
•  Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work practice controls.
• Operations where all feasible engineering and work practice controls have been implemented but are not sufficient to reduce exposures to or below the PEL.

Where respirator use is required, employees will follow our respirator program.

Requirements for Protective Work Clothing and Equipment

We will provide and ensure the proper use of appropriate protective clothing and equipment whenever a hazard evaluation of the workplace has identified that skin or eye contact with Cr(VI) presents or is likely to present a hazard to workers. Where such a hazard is identified, we will select the clothing and equipment needed to protect workers from Cr(VI) hazards.

Some examples of protective clothing and equipment that may be necessary include, but are not limited to, gloves, aprons, coveralls, foot coverings and goggles. Normal street clothing and uniforms or other accessories that do not protect workers from Cr(VI) hazards are not considered protective clothing or equipment under the standard. Employers must provide and maintain the clothing and equipment at no cost to the worker.

The following precautions must be taken to protect workers and others who handle protective clothing and equipment:

We will ensure that workers remove protective clothing and equipment that has become contaminated with Cr(VI) either at the end of their work shift or when they complete their tasks involving Cr(VI) exposure, whichever comes first.

We will not allow any worker to remove contaminated protective clothing or equipment from the workplace, except for those workers whose job it is to launder, clean, maintain or dispose of the clothing or equipment.

When contaminated protective clothing or equipment is removed for laundering, cleaning, maintenance or disposal, we will ensure that it is stored and transported in sealed impermeable bags or other closed impermeable containers.

Bags or containers of contaminated protective clothing or equipment that are removed from change rooms for laundering, cleaning, maintenance or disposal will be labeled in accordance with the Hazard Communication Standard.

We will clean, launder, repair and replace protective clothing and equipment as necessary to ensure that the effectiveness of the clothing and equipment is maintained.

We will inform any person who launders or cleans protective clothing or equipment contaminated with Cr(VI) of the potentially harmful effects of Cr(VI) exposure, and that the clothing and equipment should be laundered or cleaned in a manner that minimizes skin or eye contact with Cr(VI) and prevents exposure to Cr(VI) in excess of the PEL. Removal of Cr(VI) from protective clothing and equipment by blowing, shaking, or any other means that disperses Cr(VI) into the air or onto a worker’s body is prohibited.

Hygiene Areas and Practices

Change rooms are required when workers change out of their street clothes to use protective clothing and equipment. The change rooms must prevent Cr(VI) contamination of street clothes, and will be equipped with separate storage facilities for protective clothing and equipment and for street clothes. This will limit exposures after the work shift ends and avoid the contamination of workers’ cars and homes.

Washing facilities will be provided and readily accessible and capable of removing Cr(VI) from the skin. We will ensure that affected workers use these facilities when necessary. This includes making sure that workers who have skin contact with Cr(VI) wash their hands and faces at the end of the work shift and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, applying cosmetics, or using the toilet.

Eating and drinking areas and surfaces will be maintained as free as practicable of Cr(VI) whenever employers allow workers to consume food or beverages at a worksite where Cr(VI) is present. We will ensure that workers do not enter eating and drinking areas wearing protective clothing or equipment, unless the protective clothing or equipment is properly cleaned beforehand.  No one should blow dust off protective clothing and equipment.

We will ensure that workers do not eat, drink, smoke, chew tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics—or carry or store products associated with these activities—in regulated areas or in areas where skin or eye contact with Cr(VI) occurs.

Housekeeping

Proper housekeeping requirements are important because they target sources of exposure to Cr(VI) that engineering controls are generally not designed to address (such as skin exposures).

We will ensure that all surfaces are maintained as free as practicable of accumulations of Cr(VI). Spills and releases of Cr(VI)-containing material will be cleaned up promptly.

Cleaning Methods

Surfaces contaminated with Cr(VI) will be cleaned by HEPA filtered vacuuming or other methods that minimize exposure to Cr(VI), including wet methods such as wet sweeping or wet scrubbing. Dry methods (e.g., dry shoveling, dry sweeping and dry brushing) are only allowed in cases where HEPA-filtered vacuuming or other methods that minimize the likelihood of exposure to Cr(VI) have been tried and found not to be effective.

The use of compressed air for cleaning surfaces is only allowed when used in conjunction with a ventilation system designed to capture the dust cloud or when no alternative method is feasible.

Employees should use caution whenever compressed air is used as a cleaning method, since the air will spread the contamination further unless the dust is appropriately collected. Compressed air should never be directed at other workers and should not be used to clean protective clothing or equipment.

We will ensure that waste, scrap, debris and any other materials contaminated with Cr(VI) are collected and disposed of in sealed impermeable bags or other closed impermeable containers.

Additionally, bags or containers of waste, scrap, debris and any other materials contaminated with Cr(VI) must be labeled.

Medical Surveillance

The purpose of medical surveillance is to determine if an individual can be exposed to Cr(VI) at his or her workplace without experiencing adverse health effects; to identify Cr(VI)-related adverse health effects when they do occur so that appropriate intervention measures can be taken; and to determine a worker’s fitness to use personal protective equipment such as respirators. All medical examinations and procedures will be performed by or under the supervision of a physician or other licensed healthcare professional (PLHCP).

When medical surveillance is required, it will be provided at no cost to workers and at a reasonable time and place. If participation requires travel away from the worksite, the employer must bear the cost. Workers will be paid for time spent taking medical examinations, including travel time.

Employers must provide medical surveillance to workers who are:

• Exposed or may be exposed to Cr(VI) at concentrations at or above the action level (as an 8-hour TWA) for 30 or more days per year.
• Experiencing signs and symptoms of adverse health effects associated with Cr(VI) exposures (e.g., blistering lesions, redness or itchiness of exposed skin, shortness of breath or wheezing that worsens at work, nosebleeds, a whistling sound while inhaling or exhaling).
• Exposed in an emergency situation (i.e., any occurrence that results or is likely to result in an uncontrolled release of Cr(VI) that is not an incidental release that can be controlled by workers in the immediate area or by maintenance personnel).

Frequency of Medical Examination

Medical examinations must be given:

• Within 30 days after initial assignment to a job involving Cr(VI) exposure, unless the worker has received an examination that meets the requirements of the standard within the last 12 months.
• Annually.
• Within 30 days after a PLHCP’s written medical opinion recommends an additional examination.
• Whenever a worker shows signs or symptoms of the adverse health effects associated with Cr(VI) exposure.
• Within 30 days after exposure during an emergency which results in an uncontrolled release of Cr(VI).
• At the termination of employment, unless the last examination provided was less than six months prior to the date of termination.

Contents of the Medical Exams

• A medical and work history that focuses on the worker’s past, present and anticipated future exposure to Cr(VI); any history of respiratory system dysfunction; any history of asthma, dermatitis, skin ulceration or nasal septum perforation; and smoking status and history.
•  A physical examination of the skin and respiratory tract.
• Any additional tests that the examining PLHCP considers appropriate for that worker.

Note: The standards do not specify tests or procedures that must be provided to all workers.

Rather, the information obtained from the medical and work history along with the physical examination of the skin and respiratory tract (the main targets of Cr(VI) toxicity) allow the PLHCPs to use their medical judgment to determine what tests, if any, are warranted.

Information Provided to the PLHCP

We will ensure that the PLHCP has a copy of the Cr(VI) standard and will provide the PLHCP with:

• A description of the affected worker’s former, current and anticipated duties as they relate to Cr(VI) exposure.
• Information on the worker’s former, current and anticipated Cr(VI) exposure levels.
• A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used by the worker, including when and for how long the worker has used that equipment.
• Information from records of employment-related medical examinations previously provided to the affected worker currently within the control of the employer.

Written Medical Opinion

We will obtain a written medical opinion from the PLHCP for each medical examination performed. The written medical opinion must be obtained within 30 days of the examination, and must contain:

• The PLHCP’s opinion as to whether the worker has any detected medical condition(s) that would place the worker at increased risk of material impairment to health from further exposure to Cr(VI).
• Any recommended limitations on the worker’s exposure to Cr(VI) or on the use of personal protective equipment such as respirators.
• A statement that the PLHCP has explained to the worker the results of the medical examination, including any medical conditions related to Cr(VI) exposure that require further evaluation or treatment, and any special provisions for the use of protective clothing or equipment.

The PLHCP will not reveal to the employer any specific findings or diagnoses that are not related to workplace Cr(VI) exposure. We will provide a copy of the written medical opinion to the examined worker within two weeks after receiving it.

Worker Training and Communication

It is critically important that workers recognize the hazards associated with exposure to Cr(VI) and understand the measures they can take to protect themselves.

Employees will receive hazard communication training along with:

• The requirements of the Cr(VI) standard.
• The medical surveillance program required by the standard, including recognition of the signs and symptoms of adverse health effects that may result from Cr(VI) exposure.

We will also have a copy of the Cr(VI) standard available without cost to affected workers.

Recordkeeping

Accurate records can demonstrate employer compliance with the standard and can assist in diagnosing and identifying workplace related illnesses. Therefore, we will maintain records of worker Cr(VI) exposures (including air monitoring data, historical monitoring data and objective data) and medical surveillance records.

Air Monitoring Data

We will keep an accurate record of all air monitoring performed to comply with the standard. The record will indicate:

• The date of the measurement for each sample taken.
• The operation involving exposure to Cr(VI) that was monitored.
• Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy.
• The number, duration and results of samples taken.
• The type of personal protective equipment used (e.g., type of respirators worn).
• The name, Social Security number and job classification of all workers represented by the monitoring, specifying which workers were actually monitored.

Historical Monitoring Data

If any historical monitoring data was used to determine worker exposures to Cr(VI), an accurate record of the historical monitoring data will be maintained. The record will show:

• That the data were collected using methods that meet the accuracy requirements of the standard.
• That the processes and work practices, characteristics of the Cr(VI)-containing material, and environmental conditions at the time the data were obtained are essentially the same as those of the job for which current exposure is being determined.
• Any other relevant data regarding operations, materials, processes or worker exposures.

Objective Data

If any objective data were used to comply with the Cr(VI) standard, an accurate record of the objective data will be maintained. The record will indicate:

• The Cr(VI)-containing material in question.
• The source of the objective data.
• The testing protocol and results of testing, or analysis of the material for the release of Cr(VI).
• A description of the process, operation or activity and how the data support the determination.
• Any other relevant data regarding the processes, operations, activities, materials or worker exposures.

Medical Surveillance

We will maintain an accurate record for each worker provided medical surveillance under the standard. The record will include the following information about the worker:

• Name and Social Security number.
• A copy of the PLHCP’s written opinions.
• A copy of the information that the employer was required to provide to the PLHCP (i.e., a description of the worker’s duties as they relate to occupational Cr(VI) exposure; the worker’s Cr(VI) exposure levels; a description of the personal protective equipment used by the worker; and information from previous employment-related medical examinations).

Exposure and medical records will be maintained and made available to workers and their representatives in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020, Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records. In general, exposure records will be kept for at least 30 years, and medical records will be kept for the duration of employment plus 30 years. It is necessary to keep these records for extended periods because cancer often cannot be detected until 20 or more years after exposure, and exposure and medical records can assist in diagnosing and identifying the cause of disease.

Hot work operations include tasks such as welding, brazing, torch cutting, grinding and torch soldering. These operations create heat, sparks and hot slag that have the potential to ignite flammable and combustible materials in the area surrounding hot work activities.

(Insert job title of responsible person) is responsible for issuing hot work permits and will inspect hot worksites prior to the start of such operations.

When required, an employee will be designated to serve as a fire watch. The fire watch will monitor the safety of hot work operations and watch for fires. Fire watches are posted during hot work and for at least 30 minutes after work has been completed.

Prior to beginning work, a hot work permit will be filled out and will be posted in the area where hot work is to be performed.

Housekeeping is an important element of every safety and health program.  When materials, tools and equipment all have a place for orderly storage and are returned to the proper place after use, they are easier to find and easier to inspect for damage and wear.

The following housekeeping safety procedures apply:

• Form and scrap lumber with protruding nails and all other debris will be kept clear from all work areas.
• Combustible scrap and debris will be removed at regular intervals.
• Containers will be provided for the collection and separation of all refuse. Covers will be provided on containers used for flammable or harmful substances.
• Wastes will be disposed of at frequent intervals.
• Access walkways, roadways, and fire lanes will not be blocked with material, tools, ladders, scaffolds, welding leads, air hoses, or electrical cords.
• Where electrical extension cords, light stringers, air hoses, and welding leads could pose a trip hazard they will be elevated above the work area or walking surface by a minimum of 7 feet.
• Shackles, slings, chokers, ladders, and safety equipment will be removed from the work area when not needed and properly stored.

Construction areas, ramps, runways, corridors, offices, shops, and storage areas will be lighted to not less than the minimum illumination intensities listed in Table D-3 while any work is in progress.

Table D-3—Minimum Illumination Intensities in Foot-candles

Particulate Contaminants
Exposure to toxic gases, vapors, fumes, dusts and mists at a concentration above those specified in the Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants for 1970 of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) must be avoided.

Administrative or engineering controls will be implemented whenever feasible to comply with threshold limit values. When engineering and administrative controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or other protective measures will be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits prescribed. Any equipment and technical measures used for this purpose will be approved for each particular use by a competent industrial hygienist or another technically qualified person. Each worksite will be assessed by a competent person as to the type of controls that will be used.

The most common particulate contaminants include dusts, fumes, mists, aerosols and fibers. Dusts are solid particles that are formed or generated from solid organic or inorganic materials by reducing their size through mechanical processes such as crushing, grinding, drilling, abrading or blasting.

Fumes are formed when material from a volatilized solid condenses in cool air. In most cases, the solid particles resulting from the condensation react with air to form an oxide.

The term mist is applied to a finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere. Mists are generated by liquids condensing from a vapor back to a liquid or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state such as by splashing, foaming or atomizing. Aerosols are also a form of a mist characterized by highly respirable, minute liquid particles.

Fibers are solid particles whose length is several times greater than their diameter.

Gases are formless fluids that expand to occupy the space or enclosure in which they are confined. Examples are welding gases such as acetylene, nitrogen, helium and argon; and carbon monoxide generated from the operation of internal combustion engines or by its use as a reducing gas in a heat treating operation. Another example is hydrogen sulfide, which is formed wherever there is decomposition of materials containing sulfur under reducing conditions.

Liquids change into vapors and mix with the surrounding atmosphere through evaporation. Vapors are the volatile form of substances that are normally in a solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure. Vapors are the gaseous form of substances that are normally in the solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure. They are formed by evaporation from a liquid or solid and can be found where parts cleaning and painting takes place and where solvents are used.

Chemical Hazards
Harmful chemical compounds in the form of solids, liquids, gases, mists, dusts, fumes and vapors exert toxic effects by inhalation (breathing), absorption (through direct contact with the skin), or ingestion (eating or drinking). Airborne chemical hazards exist as concentrations of mists, vapors, gases, fumes or solids. Some are toxic through inhalation and some of them irritate the skin on contact; some can be toxic by absorption through the skin or through ingestion, and some are corrosive to living tissue.

The degree of worker risk from exposure to any given substance depends on the nature and potency of the toxic effects and the magnitude and duration of exposure.

Information on the risk to workers from chemical hazards can be obtained from the material safety data sheet (MSDS). The MSDS is a summary of the important health, safety and toxicological information on the chemical or the mixture’s ingredients.

Biological Hazards
These include bacteria, viruses, fungi and other living organisms that can cause acute and chronic infections by entering the body either directly or through breaks in the skin. Effective personal hygiene, particularly proper attention to minor cuts and scratches, especially those on the hands and forearms, should be followed to keep worker risks to a minimum.

Workers should also use local ventilation along with proper personal protective equipment such as gloves and respirators, adequate infectious waste disposal systems, and appropriate controls including isolation as applicable.

Physical Hazards
These include excessive levels of ionizing and nonionizing electromagnetic radiation, noise, vibration, illumination and temperature.

Where employees are exposed to ionizing radiation, time, distance and shielding are important tools in ensuring worker safety. Danger from radiation increases with the amount of time one is exposed to it; hence, the shorter the time of exposure, the smaller the radiation danger.

Distance also is a valuable tool in controlling exposure to both ionizing and nonionizing radiation. Radiation levels from some sources can be estimated by comparing the squares of the distances between the worker and the source. For example, at a reference point of 10 feet from a source, the radiation is 1/100 of the intensity at 1 foot from the source.

Shielding also is a way to protect against radiation. The greater the protective mass between a radioactive source and the worker, the lower the radiation exposure.

Nonionizing radiation is also dealt with by shielding workers from the source. Sometimes limiting exposure times to nonionizing radiation or increasing the distance is not effective. Laser radiation, for example, cannot be controlled effectively by imposing time limits. An exposure can be hazardous that is faster than the blinking of an eye. Increasing the distance from a laser source may require miles before the energy level reaches a point where the exposure would not be harmful.

Only qualified and trained employees will be assigned to install, adjust and operate laser equipment.

Employees will wear proper (antilaser) eye protection when working in areas where there is a potential exposure to direct or reflected laser light greater than 5 milliwatts.

Beam shutters or caps will be utilized, or the laser turned off, when laser transmission is not actually required. When the laser is left unattended for a substantial period of time—such as during lunch hour, overnight or at change of shifts—the laser will be turned off.

Employees will not be exposed to light intensities in excess of the following: direct staring—1 microwatt per square centimeter, incidental observing—1 milliwatt per square centimeter diffused reflected light—2½ watts per square centimeter.

Employees will not be exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter.
As much as applicable, noise will be reduced by installing equipment and systems that have been engineered, designed and built to operate quietly; by enclosing or shielding noisy equipment; by making certain that equipment is in good repair and properly maintained with all worn or unbalanced parts replaced; by mounting noisy equipment on special mounts to reduce vibration; and by installing silencers, mufflers or baffles.

Substituting quiet work methods for noisy ones is another way we will strive to reduce noise. Where possible, treating floors, ceilings and walls with acoustical material or erecting sound barriers at adjacent workstations around noisy operations will be considered.

We may also reduce noise exposure by increasing the distance between the source and the receiver, by isolating workers in acoustical booths, limiting workers’ exposure time to noise, and by providing hearing protection. OSHA requires that workers in noisy surroundings be periodically tested as a precaution against hearing loss.

Another physical hazard, radiant heat exposure can be controlled by installing reflective shields and by providing protective clothing.

Ergonomic Hazards
The science of ergonomics studies and evaluates a full range of tasks including, but not limited to, lifting, holding, pushing, walking and reaching. Many ergonomic problems result from technological changes such as increased assembly line speeds, adding specialized tasks and increased repetition. Some problems arise from poorly designed job tasks. Any of those conditions can cause ergonomic hazards such as excessive vibration and noise, eyestrain, repetitive motion, and heavy lifting problems. Improperly designed tools or work areas also can be ergonomic hazards. Repetitive motions or repeated shocks over prolonged periods of time as in jobs involving sorting, assembling and data entry can often cause irritation and inflammation of the tendon sheath of the hands and arms, a condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome.

Ergonomic hazards are avoided primarily by the effective design of a job or job site and better-designed tools or equipment that meet workers’ needs in terms of physical environment and job tasks. Through thorough worksite analyses, employers can set up procedures to correct or control ergonomic hazards by using the appropriate engineering controls (e.g., designing or redesigning workstations, lighting, tools and equipment); teaching correct work practices (e.g., proper lifting methods); employing proper administrative controls (e.g., shifting workers among several different tasks, reducing production demand and increasing rest breaks); and, if necessary, providing and mandating personal protective equipment. Evaluating working conditions from an ergonomics standpoint involves looking at the total physiological and psychological demands of the job on the worker.

Hazard Controls

Engineering controls include eliminating toxic chemicals and replacing harmful toxic materials with less hazardous ones, enclosing work processes or confining work operations, and installing general and local ventilation systems.

Work practice controls alter the manner in which a task is performed. Some fundamental and easily implemented work practice controls that we may utilize include (1) following proper procedures that minimize exposures while operating production and control equipment; (2) inspecting and maintaining process and control equipment on a regular basis; (3) implementing good house-keeping procedures; (4) providing good supervision and (5) mandating that eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics in regulated areas be prohibited.

Administrative controls that we may utilize include controlling employees’ exposure by scheduling production and workers’ tasks, or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels.

When effective work practices and/or engineering controls are not feasible to achieve the permissible exposure limit, or while such controls are being instituted, and in emergencies, appropriate respiratory equipment will be used. In addition, personal protective equipment such as gloves, safety goggles, helmets, safety shoes, and protective clothing may also be required. To be effective, personal protective equipment must be individually selected, properly fitted and periodically refitted; conscientiously and properly worn; regularly maintained; and replaced as necessary.

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

OSHA sets enforceable permissible exposure limits (PELs) to protect workers against the health effects of exposure to hazardous substances. PELs are regulatory limits on the amount or concentration of a substance in the air. They may also contain a skin designation. OSHA PELs are based on an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposure.

Permissible exposure limits (PELs) are addressed in specific standards for the health hazards , shipyard employment, and the construction industry.

Sampling and Analysis

Chemical sampling and analysis will be used to assess workplace contaminants and associated worker exposures.

Sampling and analysis hazards are addressed in specific standards for the health hazards. The specific standard will be used to assess each chemical.

Ladders—Safe Work Practices

• Portable ladders will be visually inspected each day prior to use. Other ladders will be inspected at least annually or more often if the conditions of use or location necessitate more frequent inspection.

• Portable and fixed ladders with structural defects—such as broken or missing rungs, cleats or steps, broken or split rails, or corroded components—will be withdrawn from service by immediately tagging “DO NOT USE” or marking in a manner that identifies them as defective, or will be blocked, such as with a plywood attachment that spans several rungs. Repairs must restore ladder to its original design criteria.

• Portable non-self-supporting ladders will be placed on a substantial base, have clear access at top and bottom, and be placed at an angle so the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is approximately one-quarter the working length of the ladder.

• Portable ladders used for access to an upper landing surface will extend a minimum of 3 feet (0.9 m) above the landing surface, or where not practical, be provided with grab rails and be secured against movement while in use.

• Ladders will have nonconductive side rails if they are used where the worker or the ladder could contact energized electrical conductors or equipment.

• Job-made ladders will be constructed for their intended use. Cleats will be uniformly spaced not less than 10 inches (25 cm) apart, nor more than 14 inches (36 cm) apart.

• A ladder (or stairway) will be provided at all work points of access where there is a break in elevation of 19 inches (48 cm) or more except if a suitable ramp, runway, embankment or personnel hoist is provided to give safe access to all elevations.

• Wood job-made ladders with spliced side rails will be used at an angle where the horizontal distance is one-eighth the working length of the ladder.

• Fixed ladders will be used at a pitch no greater than 90 degrees from the horizontal, measured from the back side of the ladder.

• Ladders will be used only on stable and level surfaces unless secured to prevent accidental movement.

• Ladders will not be used on slippery surfaces unless secured or provided with slip-resistant feet to prevent accidental movement. Slip-resistant feet will not be used as a substitute for the care in placing, lashing or holding a ladder upon a slippery surface.

Stairways—Safe Work Practices

• A stairway or ladder will be provided at all worker points of access where there is a break in elevation of 19 inches (48 cm) or more and no ramp, runway, sloped embankment or personnel hoist is provided.

• When there is only one point of access between levels, it will be kept clear to permit free passage by workers. If free passage becomes restricted, a second point of access must be provided and used.

• When there are more than two points of access between levels, at least one point of access will be kept clear.

•  All stairway and ladder fall protection systems will be provided and installed as required by the stairway and ladder rules before employees begin work that requires them to use stairways or ladders and their respective fall protection systems.

• Stairways that will not be a permanent part of the structure on which construction work is performed will have landings at least 30 inches deep and 22 inches wide (76 x 56 cm) at every 12 feet (3.7 m) or less of vertical rise.

• Stairways will be installed at least 30 degrees, and no more than 50 degrees, from the horizontal.

•  Variations in riser height, or stair tread, or landing depth, will not exceed ¼ inch (0.6 cm) in any stairway system, including any foundation structure used as one or more treads of the stairs.

• Where doors or gates open directly onto a stairway, a platform will be provided, and the swing of the door must not reduce the effective width of the platform to less than 20 inches (51 cm). Except during the construction of the actual stairway, stairways with metal pan landings and treads will not be used where the treads and/or landings have not been filled in with concrete or other material, unless the pans of the stairs and/or landings are temporarily filled in with wood or other material.

• All treads and landings will be replaced when worn below the top edge of the pan.

• Stairways having four or more risers, or rising more than 30 inches in height (76 cm), whichever is less, will have at least one handrail. A stair rail will be installed along each unprotected side or edge. When the top edge of a stair rail system also serves as a handrail, the height of the top edge will not be more than 37 inches (94 cm) nor less than 36 inches (91.5 cm) from the upper surface of the stair rail to the surface of the tread in line with the face of the riser at the forward edge of the tread.

• Winding and spiral stairways will be equipped with a handrail offset sufficiently to prevent walking on those portions of the stairways where the tread width is less than 6 inches (15 cm).

•  Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members or equivalent intermediate structural members will be provided between the top rail and stairway steps of the stair rail system.

• Midrails, when used, will be located midway between the top of the stair rail system and the stairway steps.

• The height of the handrails will not be more than 37 inches (94 cm) nor less than 30 inches (76 cm) from the upper surface of the handrail to the surface of the tread in line with face of riser at forward edge of tread.

• The height of the top edge of a stair rail system used as a handrail will not be more than 37 inches (94 cm) nor less than 36 inches (91.5 cm) from the upper surface of the stairrail system to the surface of the tread in line with face of riser at forward edge of tread.

• Temporary handrails will have a minimum clearance of 3 inches (8 cm) between the handrail and walls, stairrail systems, and other objects.

• Unprotected sides and edges of stairway landings will be provided with a standard 42-inch (1.1 m) guardrail system.
  
  Training

Employees will be trained on using ladders and stairways. The program will enable each employee to recognize hazards related to ladders and stairways and to use proper procedures to minimize these hazards.

A competent person will train employees in the following areas, as applicable:

• The nature of fall hazards in the work area.
• The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems to be used.
• The proper construction, use, placement, and care in handling of all stairways and ladders.
• The maximum intended load-carrying capacities of ladders used.

In addition, retraining must be provided for each employee, as necessary, so that the employee maintains the understanding and knowledge acquired through compliance with the standard.

Exposure Limits

The permissible exposure level for lead is 50 micrograms per cubic meter of air (50 μg/m³) averaged over an 8-hour period.

The action level is 30 micrograms per cubic meter of air (30 μg/m³) averaged over an 8-hour period.

Exposure Monitoring and Determination

We have assessed the workplace and work operations and have determined that some employees may be exposed to lead at or above the action level.

Initial Monitoring

We have conducted initial exposure monitoring to determine exposure to lead for each worker. We have taken a sufficient number of personal breathing zone air samples to accurately characterize full shift exposure on each shift, for each job classification and in each work area.

Monitoring results will indicate the worker’s time-weighted average exposure to lead over a typical 8-hour workday. In some cases, we will monitor all exposed workers, while in cases where workers perform the same job under the same conditions, we will only monitor “representative” personnel.

Periodic Monitoring

Periodic monitoring will be conducted quarterly when initial monitoring shows that the worker’s exposure is at or above the action level.

Monitoring Frequency

If initial monitoring shows exposures above the PEL, but subsequent periodic measurements indicate that exposures have fallen to levels at or below the PEL, but still above the action level, we will reduce the frequency of periodic monitoring to every six months. We will discontinue periodic monitoring for workers represented by monitoring results indicating that exposures have fallen below the action level if those results are confirmed by a second measurement taken seven days later.

Additional Monitoring

Additional monitoring will be conducted when a workplace change results in new or additional exposures to lead or we have reasons to believe that new or additional exposures have occurred. These changes include alterations in the production process, raw materials, equipment, personnel, work practices or control methods used in the workplace.

Regulated Areas

We will regulate areas wherever a worker’s exposure to lead exposure is or is reasonably expected to be above the PEL. The regulated areas will be distinguishable from the rest of the workplace in a manner that adequately establishes and alerts workers to the boundaries of the regulated area.

This may be conducted by the use of warning signs, gates, ropes, barricades, lines, textured flooring or whatever other methods may be appropriate. Whatever methods are chosen will effectively warn workers not to enter the area unless they are authorized.

Authorized personnel are those employees required by their job duties to be present in the area and may include maintenance/repair personnel, managers and quality control engineers. Designated worker representatives may also enter the regulated area to observe exposure monitoring.

All people who enter the regulated area will use proper protective equipment, including respirators when appropriate.

Control Measures

To protect workers from lead hazards whenever exposures exceed the PEL, we will use engineering and work practice controls to reduce and maintain lead exposures to or below the PEL. These are the most effective controls.

Whenever feasible engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce exposures to or below the PEL, we will use such controls to reduce exposures to the lowest levels achievable and supplement them by the use of respiratory protection.

Engineering controls include substitution (using a less toxic material or process that results in lower exposures), isolation (such as enclosing the source of exposure), and ventilation (such as using a local exhaust system that captures lead near its source.

When ventilation is used to control exposure, measurements that demonstrate the effectiveness of the system in controlling exposure, such as capture velocity, duct velocity, or static pressure will be made at least every three months. Measurements of the system’s effectiveness in controlling exposure will be made within five days of any change in production, process, or control that might result in a change in employee exposure to lead.

Work practice controls involve adjustments in the way a task is performed. Workers will be trained on the proper way to perform a task to minimize their exposure and to maximize the effectiveness of the control. In many cases, work practice controls complement engineering controls in providing worker protection.

Respiratory Protection

 
We will provide workers with respirators when feasible engineering and work practice controls are unable to reduce worker exposure to lead to levels at or below the PEL.

Respirators are required during:

• Work operations such as maintenance and repair activities for which engineering and work practice controls are not feasible.
•  Emergencies (i.e., any occurrence that results or is likely to result in an uncontrolled release of Lead that is not an incidental release that can be controlled by workers in the immediate area or by maintenance personnel).
•  Where workers are exposed above the PEL for fewer than 30 days per year and the employer has opted not to implement engineering/work practice controls to achieve the PEL.
•  Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work practice controls.
• Operations where all feasible engineering and work practice controls have been implemented but are not sufficient to reduce exposures to or below the PEL.

Where respirator use is required, employees will follow our respirator program.

Requirements for Protective Work Clothing and Equipment

We will provide and ensure the proper use of appropriate protective clothing and equipment whenever a hazard evaluation of the workplace has identified that skin or eye contact with lead presents or is likely to present a hazard to workers. Where such a hazard is identified, we will select the clothing and equipment needed to protect workers from lead hazards.

Some examples of protective clothing and equipment that may be necessary include, but are not limited to, gloves, aprons, coveralls, foot coverings and goggles. Normal street clothing and uniforms or other accessories that do not protect workers from lead hazards are not considered protective clothing or equipment under the standard. Employers must provide and maintain the clothing and equipment at no cost to the worker.

The following precautions must be taken to protect workers and others who handle protective clothing and equipment:

We will ensure that workers remove protective clothing and equipment that has become contaminated with lead either at the end of their work shift or when they complete their tasks involving lead exposure, whichever comes first.

We will not allow any worker to remove contaminated protective clothing or equipment from the workplace, except for those workers whose job it is to launder, clean, maintain or dispose of the clothing or equipment.

When contaminated protective clothing or equipment is removed for laundering, cleaning, maintenance or disposal, we will ensure that it is stored and transported in sealed impermeable bags or other closed impermeable containers.

Bags or containers of contaminated protective clothing or equipment that are removed from change rooms for laundering, cleaning, maintenance or disposal will be labeled in accordance with the Hazard Communication Standard.

We will clean, launder, repair and replace protective clothing and equipment as necessary to ensure that the effectiveness of the clothing and equipment is maintained.

We will inform any person who launders or cleans protective clothing or equipment contaminated with lead of the potentially harmful effects of lead exposure and that the clothing and equipment should be laundered or cleaned in a manner that minimizes skin or eye contact with lead and prevents exposure to lead in excess of the PEL. Removal of lead from protective clothing and equipment by blowing, shaking, or any other means that disperses lead into the air or onto a worker’s body is prohibited.

Hygiene Areas and Practices

Change rooms are required when workers change out of their street clothes to use protective clothing and equipment. The change rooms must prevent lead contamination of street clothes, and will be equipped with separate storage facilities for protective clothing and equipment and for street clothes. This will limit exposures after the work shift ends and avoid the contamination of workers’ cars and homes.

Washing facilities will be provided and readily accessible and capable of removing lead from the skin. We will ensure that affected workers use these facilities when necessary. This includes making sure that workers who have skin contact with lead wash their hands and faces at the end of the work shift and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, applying cosmetics, or using the toilet.

Eating and drinking areas and surfaces will be maintained as free as practicable of lead whenever employers allow workers to consume food or beverages at a worksite where lead is present. We will ensure that workers do not enter eating and drinking areas wearing protective clothing or equipment, unless the protective clothing or equipment is properly cleaned beforehand.  No one should blow dust off protective clothing and equipment.

We will ensure that workers do not eat, drink, smoke, chew tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics—or carry or store products associated with these activities—in regulated areas or in areas where skin or eye contact with lead occurs.

Housekeeping

Proper housekeeping requirements are important because they target sources of exposure to lead that engineering controls are generally not designed to address.

We will ensure that all surfaces are maintained as free as practicable of accumulations of lead.

Cleaning Methods

Surfaces contaminated with lead will be cleaned by HEPA filtered vacuuming or other methods that minimize exposure to lead, including wet methods such as wet sweeping or wet scrubbing. Dry methods (e.g., dry shoveling, dry sweeping and dry brushing) are only allowed in cases where HEPA-filtered vacuuming or other methods that minimize the likelihood of exposure to lead have been tried and found not to be effective.

The use of compressed air for cleaning surfaces is only allowed when used in conjunction with a ventilation system designed to capture the dust cloud or when no alternative method is feasible.

Employees should use caution whenever compressed air is used as a cleaning method, since the air will spread the contamination further unless the dust is appropriately collected. Compressed air should never be directed at other workers and should not be used to clean protective clothing or equipment.

We will ensure that waste, scrap, debris and any other materials contaminated with lead are collected and disposed of in sealed impermeable bags or other closed impermeable containers.

Additionally, bags or containers of waste, scrap, debris and any other materials contaminated with lead must be labeled.

Medical Surveillance

The purpose of medical surveillance is to determine if an individual can be exposed to lead at his or her workplace without experiencing adverse health effects; to identify lead-related adverse health effects when they do occur so that appropriate intervention measures can be taken; and to determine a worker’s fitness to use personal protective equipment such as respirators. All medical examinations and procedures will be performed by or under the supervision of a physician or other licensed healthcare professional (PLHCP).

When medical surveillance is required, it will be provided at no cost to workers and at a reasonable time and place. If participation requires travel away from the worksite, the employer must bear the cost. Workers will be paid for time spent taking medical examinations, including travel time.

Employers must provide medical surveillance to workers who are or may be exposed above the action level for more than 30 days per year.

Biological Monitoring

We will make available biological monitoring in the form of blood sampling and analysis for lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels to each employee exposed to lead at the following schedule:

• At least every six months to each employee
• At least every two months for each employee whose last blood sampling and analysis indicated a blood lead level at or above 40 μg/100 g of whole blood. This frequency will continue until two consecutive blood samples and analyses indicate a blood lead level below 40 μg/100 g of whole blood
• At least monthly during the removal period of each employee removed from exposure to lead due to an elevated blood lead level.

Follow-Up Blood Sampling Tests

Whenever the results of a blood lead level test indicate that an employee’s blood lead level exceeds the numerical criterion for medical removal, we will provide a second (follow-up) blood sampling test within two weeks after the employer receives the results of the first blood sampling test.

Medical Examinations

• Medical examinations will be conducted annually for each employee for whom a blood sampling test conducted at any time during the preceding 12 months indicated a blood lead level at or above 40 μg/100 g.
• Prior to assignment for each employee being assigned for the first time to an area in which airborne concentrations of lead are at or above the action level.
• As soon as possible, upon notification by an employee either that the employee has developed signs or symptoms commonly associated with lead intoxication, that the employee desires medical advice concerning the effects of current or past exposure to lead on the employee’s ability to procreate a healthy child, or that the employee has demonstrated difficulty in breathing during a respirator fitting test or during use.
• As medically appropriate for each employee either removed from exposure to lead due to a risk of sustaining material impairment to health, or otherwise limited pursuant to a final medical determination.

Contents of Medical Examination

• A detailed work history and a medical history, with particular attention to past lead exposure (occupational and nonoccupational), personal habits (smoking, hygiene), and past gastrointestinal, hematologic, renal, cardiovascular, reproductive and neurological problems.
• A thorough physical examination, with particular attention to teeth, gums, hematologic, gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular and neurological systems. Pulmonary status should be evaluated if respiratory protection will be used.
• A blood pressure measurement.
• A blood sample and analysis that determines blood lead level; hemoglobin and hematocrit determinations, red cell indices, and examination of peripheral smear morphology; zinc protoporphyrin; blood urea nitrogen; and, serum creatinine; routine urinalysis with microscopic examination; and any laboratory or other test that the examining physician deems necessary by sound medical practice.

Information Provided to the PLHCP

We will ensure that the PLHCP has a copy of the lead standard, and must provide the PLHCP with:

• A description of the affected worker’s former, current and anticipated duties as they relate to lead exposure.
• Information on the worker’s former, current and anticipated lead exposure levels.
• Prior blood lead determinations.
• A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used by the worker, including when and for how long the worker has used that equipment.
• Information from records of employment-related medical examinations previously provided to the affected worker, currently within the control of the employer.

Written Medical Opinion

We will obtain a written medical opinion from the PLHCP for each medical examination performed. The written medical opinion must be obtained within 30 days of the examination, and must contain:

• The PLHCP’s opinion as to whether the worker has any detected medical condition(s) that would place the worker at increased risk of material impairment to health from further exposure to lead.
• Any recommended limitations on the worker’s exposure to lead or on the use of personal protective equipment such as respirators.
• A statement that the PLHCP has explained to the worker the results of the medical examination, including any medical conditions related to lead exposure that require further evaluation or treatment, and any special provisions for the use of protective clothing or equipment.

The PLHCP will not reveal to the employer any specific findings or diagnoses that are not related to workplace lead exposure. We will provide a copy of the written medical opinion to the examined worker within two weeks after receiving it.

Worker Training and Communication

It is critically important that workers recognize the hazards associated with exposure to lead and understand the measures they can take to protect themselves. Training will be provided initially and annually thereafter.

• The requirements of the Lead Standard.
• The medical surveillance program required by the standard, including recognition of the signs and symptoms of adverse health effects that may result from lead exposure.

We will also have a copy of the Lead Standard available without cost to affected workers.

Recordkeeping

Accurate records can demonstrate employer compliance with the standard and can assist in diagnosing and identifying workplace related illnesses. Therefore, we will maintain records of worker lead exposures (including air monitoring data, historical monitoring data and objective data), biological monitoring data and medical surveillance records.

Air Monitoring Data

We will keep an accurate record of all air monitoring performed to comply with the standard. The record will indicate:

• The date of the measurement for each sample taken.
• The operation involving exposure to lead that was monitored.
• Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy.
• The number, duration and results of samples taken.
• The type of personal protective equipment used (e.g., type of respirators worn).
• The name, Social Security number and job classification of all workers represented by the monitoring, specifying which workers were actually monitored.

Medical Surveillance

We will maintain an accurate record for each worker provided medical surveillance under the standard. The record will include the following information about the worker:

• Name and Social Security number.
• A copy of the PLHCP’s written opinions.
• A copy of the information that the employer was required to provide to the PLHCP (i.e., a description of the worker’s duties as they relate to occupational lead exposure; the worker’s lead exposure levels; a description of the personal protective equipment used by the worker; biological monitoring, and information from previous employment-related medical examinations).

We will maintain or ensure that the physician maintains those medical records for at least 40 years, or for the duration of employment plus 20 years, whichever is longer.

Locks and tags will be applied to all circuits, switches, valves, isolating devices and any other energy sources to ensure equipment, machinery or processes that have been considered functioning, charged or could otherwise be operable and render it nonoperational or de-energized.

No employee will remove another employee’s lock or attempt to energize any piece of equipment, machinery, or process that has been locked out and tagged.

De-Energizing Equipment, Machinery and Processes

The operating controls to equipment, machinery or process will be placed in the “off” or “neutral” position.

Once the operating controls are in the “off” or “neutral” position, a lock and tag will be placed on the energy isolating device(s).  Then a lock will be placed on each of the isolating devices that provide power or other energy to the machinery, equipment or process.  A warning tag will then be placed on it with the name of the worker, company, date, and phone number. The keys to all the locks will be placed in a lock box.

Prior to any work being performed on the piece of equipment, machinery or process, the equipment will be verified that it is inoperable. After verifying it is inoperable, the switch will be returned to the “off” or “neutral” position.

Stored or residual energy will be dissipated by whatever means are necessary.  Capacitors will be discharged and high capacitance elements short-circuited and grounded by a qualified electrician.

Re-Energizing Equipment, Machinery and Processes

When the work has been completed, a visual inspection of the equipment, machinery or process will be made to ensure that all work has been completed and all tools, equipment and material have been removed from the area.

While the operating controls are still in the “off” or “neutral” position, each worker will remove his or her lock and tag from each of the isolating devices.

Hoists, Material, and Personnel

We will follow all the manufacturer’s specifications and limitations.
Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and special hazard warnings or instructions will be posted on cars and platforms.
Hoistway entrances of material hoists will be protected by substantial full-width gates or bars.

Hoistway doors or gates of personnel hoist will not be less than 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) high and will be protected with mechanical locks that cannot be operated from the landing side and that are accessible only to people on the car.

Overhead protective coverings will be provided on the top of the hoist cage or platform.

All material hoists will conform to the requirements of ANSI A10.5-1969, Safety Requirements for Material Hoists.

All vehicles in use will be checked at the beginning of each shift to ensure that all parts, equipment, and accessories that affect safe operation are in proper operating condition and free from defects. All defects will be corrected before the vehicle is placed in service.

No employer will use any motor vehicle, earthmoving or compacting equipment having an obstructed view to the rear unless:

• The vehicle has a reverse signal alarm distinguishable from the surrounding noise level, or
• The vehicle is backed up only when an observer signals that it is safe to do so.

Heavy machinery, equipment or parts thereof that are suspended or held aloft will be substantially blocked to prevent falling or shifting before employees are permitted to work under or between them.

Protective Equipment

When engineering and work practice controls do not completely eliminate hazards, it is necessary to protect workers with personal protective equipment.  Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes hard hats, safety belts, safety goggles, face shields, gloves, aprons, toe guards, respirators, etc.  Supervisors will ensure that all their employees are properly protected.

Every effort will be made to select personal protective equipment that is acceptable for comfort, appearance and utility.

Eye and Face Protection

Eye and face protection will be provided and used when machines or operations present potential eye or face injury.

Eye and face protective equipment will meet the requirements of ANSI Z87.1-1968, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection.

Employees exposed to laser beams will be furnished with and will use suitable laser safety goggles that will protect for the specific wavelength of the laser and the optical density adequate for the energy involved.

Employees involved in welding operations will be furnished with and will use filter lenses or plates of at least the proper shade number as indicated in Table E-2.

Table E-2 Eye and Face Protection; Filter Lens Shade Numbers for Protection Against Radiant Energy

Head Protection

Head protective equipment (helmets) will be worn in areas where there is a possible danger of head injuries from impact, flying or falling objects, or electrical shock and burns.

Helmets for protection against impact and penetration of falling and flying objects will meet the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1969.

Helmets for protection against electrical shock and burns will meet the requirements of ANSI Z89.2-1971.

Foot Protection

Safety-toe footwear for employees will meet the requirements and specifications in American National Standard for Men’s Safety-Toe Footwear, Z41.1-1967.

In emergencies, or when feasible engineering or administrative controls are not effective in controlling toxic substances, appropriate respiratory protective equipment will be provided and used. When this occurs, we will follow this policy.
General

In the control of those occupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays or vapors, the primary objective will be to prevent atmospheric contamination. This will be accomplished as far as feasible by accepted engineering control measures (for example, enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials). When effective engineering controls are not feasible, or while they are being instituted, appropriate respirators will be used.

Responsibilities

All employees must follow the requirements of the respiratory protection program.

Management

• Implement the requirements of this program.
• Provide a selection of respirators as required.
• Enforce all provisions of this program.
• Appoint an individual to administer the respiratory protection program.

Program Administrator

• Review sanitation/storage procedures.
• Ensure respirators are properly stored, inspected and maintained.
• Monitor compliance for this program.
• Provide training for affected employees.
• Review compliance and ensure monthly inspection of all respirators.
• Provide respirator fit testing.

Designated Occupational Health Care Provider (HCP)

• Conduct medical aspects of the program.

Program Administrator

(Insert job title) will be designated as the program administrator who is qualified by appropriate training or experience that is commensurate with the complexity of the program to administer or oversee the respiratory protection program and conduct the required evaluations of program effectiveness.

Voluntary Use of Respirators

OSHA requires that the voluntary use of respirators (i.e., when respirators are not required by the company) be controlled as strictly as if their use were required.  Any employee wearing a respirator voluntarily will fall under this respiratory protection program, will be issued a copy of Appendix D of 29 CFR 1910.134, and will fill out a medical questionnaire (Appendix C of 29 CFR 1910.134) and have it evaluated by the designated HCP.  Training will be conducted on the proper storage, cleaning, and maintenance of the respirator.  All steps will be taken to ensure that the respirator does not pose a health risk to the person donning it.

Exception: Employees whose only use of respirators involves the voluntary use of filtering (non-sealing) facepieces (dust masks, with one or two straps) do not fall under this program.

Program Evaluation

Evaluations of the workplace are necessary to ensure that the written respiratory protection program is being properly implemented. This includes consulting with employees to ensure that they are using the respirators properly. Evaluations will be conducted as necessary to ensure that the provisions of the current written program are being effectively implemented and that it continues to be effective.

Program evaluation will include discussions with employees required to use respirators to assess the employees’ views on program effectiveness and to identify any problems. Any problems that are identified during this assessment will be corrected. Factors to be assessed include, but are not limited to:

• Respirator fit (including the ability to use the respirator without interfering with effective workplace performance).
• Appropriate respirator selection for the hazards to which the employee is exposed.
• Proper respirator use under the workplace conditions the employee encounters.
• Proper respirator maintenance.

Recordkeeping

The company will retain written information regarding medical evaluations, fit testing and the respirator program. This information will facilitate employee involvement in the respirator program, assist the company in auditing the adequacy of the program, and provide a record for compliance determinations by OSHA.

Training and Information

Effective training for employees who are required to use respirators is essential. The training must be comprehensive, understandable and recur annually, and more often if necessary. Training will be provided prior to requiring the employee to use a respirator in the workplace. The training will ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge of at least the following:

• Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, usage or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator.
• Limitations and capabilities of the respirator.
• ·        How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situations in which the respirator malfunctions.
• How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator.
• What the procedures are for the maintenance and storage of the respirator?
• How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators.
• The general requirements of this program.

Retraining will be conducted annually and when:

• Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous training obsolete.
• Inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use of the respirator indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill.
• Other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe respirator use.

Training will be conducted by instructors who have adequate knowledge of OSHA training requirements.  Training is divided into the following sections:

Classroom Instruction

1. Overview of the company’s respiratory protection program and OSHA Standards.
2. Respiratory protection safety procedures.
3. Respirator selection.
4. Respirator operation and use.
5. Why the respirator is necessary.
6. How improper fit, usage, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect.
7. Limitations and capabilities of the respirator.
8. How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including respirator malfunctions.
9. How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator.
10. What the procedures are for the maintenance and storage of the respirator?
11. How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators.
12. Change out the schedule and procedure for air-purifying respirators (APR).

Fit Testing

• For each type and model of respirator used.

Hands-on Respirator Training

1.  Respirator inspection.

2.  Respirator cleaning and sanitizing.

3.  Recordkeeping.

4.  Respirator storage.

5.  Respirator fit check.

6.  Emergencies.

Basic Respiratory Protection Safety Procedures

• Only authorized and trained employees may use respirators. Those employees may use only the respirator that they have been trained on and properly fitted to use.
• Only physically qualified employees may be trained and authorized to use respirators. A pre-authorization and annual certification by a qualified physician will be required and maintained. Any changes in an employee’s health or physical characteristics will be reported to the program administrator and will be evaluated by a qualified physician.
• Only the properly prescribed respirator or SCBA may be used for the job or work environment. Air-purifying respirators may be worn in work environments when oxygen levels are 19.5 percent to 23.5 percent and when the appropriate cartridge (as determined by the manufacturer and approved by NIOSH) for the known hazardous substance is used. SCBAs will be worn in oxygen-deficient and oxygen-rich environments (below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent oxygen).
• Employees working in environments where a sudden release of a hazardous substance is likely will wear an appropriate respirator for that hazardous substance (For example: Employees working in an ammonia compressor room will have an ammonia APR respirator on their person).
• Only SCBAs will be used in oxygen-deficient environments, environments with an unknown hazardous substance or unknown quantity of a known hazardous substance, or any environment that is determined “immediately dangerous to life or health” (IDLH).
• Employees with respirators loaned on “permanent check out” will be responsible for sanitation, proper storage, and security. Respirators damaged by normal wear will be repaired or replaced by the company when returned.
• The last employee using a respirator and/or SCBA that is available for general use will be responsible for proper storage and sanitation. Monthly and after each use, all respirators will be inspected with documentation to ensure their availability for use.
• All respirators will be located in a clean, convenient, and sanitary location.
• In the event that employees must enter a confined space; work in environments with hazardous substances that would be dangerous to life or health should an RPE (respiratory protection equipment) fail (an SCBA is required in this environment); and/or conduct a HAZMAT entry, a “buddy system” detail will be used with a “safety watchman” with constant voice, visual or signal line communication. Employees will follow the established emergency response program and/or confined space entry program when applicable.
• Management will establish and maintain surveillance of jobs and workplace conditions and degree of employee exposure or stress to maintain the proper procedures and to provide the necessary RPE.
• Management will establish and maintain safe operating procedures for the safe use of RPE with strict enforcement and disciplinary action for failure to follow all general and specific safety rules. Standard Operation Procedures for general RPE use will be maintained as an attachment to the Respiratory Protection Program and Standard Operation Procedures for RPE use under emergency response situations will be maintained as an attachment to the Emergency Response Program.

Selection of Respirators

The company has evaluated the respiratory hazard(s) in each workplace, has identified relevant workplace and user factors, and has based respirator selection on these factors. Also included are estimates of employee exposures to respiratory hazard(s) and an identification of the contaminant’s chemical state and physical form. This selection has included appropriate protective respirators for use in IDLH atmospheres and has limited the selection and use of air-purifying respirators. All selected respirators are NIOSH certified.

(List company air contaminants, estimates of exposure, and respirators to be used with those contaminants in this section.)

Filter Classifications—These classifications are marked on the filter or filter package.

N-Series: Not Oil Resistant

• Approved for non-oil particulate contaminants.
• Examples: dust, fumes, and mists not containing oil.

R-Series: Oil Resistant

• Approved for all particulate contaminants, including those containing oil.
• Examples: dust, mists, fumes.
• Time restriction of 8 hours when oils are present.

P-Series: Oil Proof

• Approved for all particulate contaminants including those containing oil.
• Examples: dust, fumes, mists.
• See manufacturer’s time use restrictions on the packaging.

Respirators for IDLH Atmospheres.

The following respirators will be used in IDLH atmospheres:

• A full facepiece pressure demand SCBA certified by NIOSH for a minimum service life of 30 minutes, or
• A combination full facepiece pressure demand supplied-air respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self-contained air supply.
• Respirators provided only for escape from IDLH atmospheres must be NIOSH-certified for escape from the atmosphere in which they will be used.

Respirators for Atmospheres That Are Not IDLH.

• The respirators selected must be adequate to protect the health of the employee and ensure compliance with all other OSHA statutory and regulatory requirements, under routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency situations. The respirator selected must be appropriate for the chemical state and physical form of the contaminant.

Identification of Filters and Cartridges

All filters and cartridges must be labeled and color coded with the NIOSH approval label. The user will ensure that the label is not removed and remains legible. A change out schedule for filters and cartridge has been developed to ensure these elements of the respirators remain effective.

Respirator Filter and Canister Replacement

An important part of the respiratory protection program includes identifying the useful life of cartridges and filters used on air-purifying respirators. Each filter and cartridge must be equipped with an end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) certified by NIOSH for the contaminant; or

If there is no ESLI appropriate for the conditions, a change schedule for canisters and cartridges   based on objective information or data that will ensure that canisters and cartridges are changed before the end of their service life must be implemented.

Filter and Cartridge Change Schedule

Stock of spare filers and cartridges will be maintained to allow immediate change when required or desired by the employee.

Cartridges will be changed based on the most limiting factor below:

• Prior to expiration date.
• Manufacturer’s recommendations for the specific use and environment.
• After each use.
• When requested by employee.
• When contaminant odor is detected.
• When restriction to air flow has occurred as evidenced by increase effort by user to breathe normally.

Cartridges must remain in their original sealed packages until needed for immediate use.

Filters must be changed on the most limiting factor below:

• Prior to expiration date.
• Manufacturer’s recommendations for the specific use and environment.
• When requested by employee.
• When contaminant odor is detected.
• When restriction to air flow has occurred as evidenced by increase effort by user to breathe normally.
• When discoloring of the filter media is evident.

Filters must remain in their original sealed package until needed for immediate use.

Respiratory Protection Schedule by Job and Working Condition

The company maintains a respiratory protection schedule by job and working condition. This schedule is provided to each authorized and trained employee. The schedule provides the following information:

• Job/working conditions.
• Work location.
• Hazards present.
• Type of respirator or SCBA required.
• Type of filter/canister required.
• Location of respirator or SCBA.
• Filter/cartridge change out schedule.

The schedule will be reviewed and updated at least annually and whenever any changes are made in the work environments, machinery, equipment or processes or if respirator different respirator models are introduced or existing models are removed.

Permanent respirator schedule assignments are:

(List as appropriate)

Physical and Medical Qualifications

Records of medical evaluations must be retained and made available in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.

Medical Evaluation Required

Using a respirator may place a physiological burden on employees that varies with the type of respirator worn, the job and workplace conditions in which the respirator is used, and the medical status of the employee. The company provides a medical evaluation through an HCP to determine the employee’s ability to use a respirator before the employee is fit-tested or required to use the respirator in the workplace.

Medical Evaluation Procedures

The employee will be provided a medical questionnaire (Appendix C of 29 CFR 1910.134), which is sent confidentially to the designated HCP for review, and when determined by the HCP, will receive a medical examination.

Follow-Up Medical Examination

The company will ensure that a follow-up medical examination is provided for an employee who gives a positive response to any question among questions in Part B of the questionnaire or whose initial medical examination demonstrates the need for a follow-up medical examination. The follow-up medical examination must include any medical tests, consultations or diagnostic procedures that the physician deems necessary to make a final determination.

Administration of the Medical Questionnaire And Examinations

The medical questionnaire and examinations will be administered confidentially during the employee’s normal working hours or at a time and place convenient to the employee. The medical questionnaire will be administered in a manner that ensures that the employee understands its content. The company must provide the employee with an opportunity to discuss the questionnaire and examination results with the physician.

Supplemental Information for the Physician

The following information must be provided to the physician before the physician makes a recommendation concerning an employee’s ability to use a respirator.

• The type and weight of the respirator to be used by the employee.
• The duration and frequency of respirator use (including use for rescue and escape).
• The expected physical work effort.
• Additional protective clothing and equipment are to be worn.
• Temperature and humidity extremes may be encountered.
• Any supplemental information provided previously to the physician regarding an employee need not be provided for a subsequent medical evaluation if the information and the physician remain the same.

The company has provided the physician with a copy of the written respiratory protection program and a copy of OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.134.

Medical Determination

In determining the employee’s ability to use a respirator, the company must obtain a written recommendation regarding the employee’s ability to use the respirator from the physician. The recommendation must provide only the following information:

• Any limitations on respirator use related to the medical condition of the employee, or relating to the workplace conditions in which the respirator will be used, including whether or not the employee is medically able to use the respirator.
• The need, if any, for follow-up medical evaluations.
• A statement that the physician has provided the employee with a copy of the physician’s written recommendation.
• If the respirator is a negative pressure respirator and the physician finds a medical condition that may place the employee’s health at increased risk if the respirator is used, the company must provide an APR if the physician’s medical evaluation finds that the employee can use such a respirator.  If a subsequent medical evaluation finds that the employee is medically able to use a negative pressure respirator, then the company is no longer required to provide an APR

Additional Medical Evaluations

At a minimum, the company must provide additional medical evaluations that comply with the requirements of this section if:

• An employee reports medical signs or symptoms that are related to the ability to use a respirator.
• A physician, supervisor, or respirator program administrator informs the company that an employee needs to be reevaluated.
• Information from the respiratory protection program, including observations made during fit testing and program evaluation, indicates a need for employee reevaluation.
• A change occurs in workplace conditions (physical work effort, protective clothing, temperature, etc.) that may result in a substantial increase in the physiological burden placed on an employee.

Respirator Fit Testing

Before an employee is required to use any respirator with a negative or positive pressure tight-fitting facepiece, the employee must be fit tested with the same make, model, style, and size of respirator that will be used. The company must ensure that an employee using a tight-fitting facepiece respirator is fit tested prior to initial use of the respirator, whenever a different respirator facepiece (size, style, model or make) is used, and at least annually thereafter.

The company has established a record of the qualitative fit tests (QLFT) and quantitative fit tests (QNFT) administered to employees including:

• The name or identification of the employee tested.
• Type of fit test performed.
• Specific make, model, style, and size of respirator tested.
• Date of test.
• The pass/fail results for QLFTs or the fit factor and strip chart recording or another recording of the test results for QNFTs.

Additional fit tests will be conducted whenever the employee reports or the company, physician, supervisor, or program administrator makes visual observations of, changes in the employee’s physical condition that could affect respirator fit. Such conditions include, but are not limited to, facial scarring, dental changes, cosmetic surgery, or an obvious change in body weight.

If after passing a QLFT or QNFT, the employee notifies the company, program administrator, supervisor, or physician that the fit of the respirator is unacceptable, the employee will be given a reasonable opportunity to select a different respirator facepiece and to be retested.

Breath Safely: The Proper Use of Respiratory Protection

Types of Fit Tests

The fit test will be administered using an OSHA-accepted QLFT or QNFT protocol. The OSHA-accepted QLFT and QNFT protocols and procedures are contained in Appendix A of the OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard, 29 CFR 1910.134.

• QLFT may only be used to fit test negative pressure air-purifying respirators that must achieve a fit factor of 100 or less.
• If the fit factor, as determined through an OSHA-accepted QNFT protocol, is equal to or greater than 100 for tight-fitting half facepieces, or equal to or greater than 500 for tight-fitting full facepieces, the QNFT has been passed with that respirator.
• Fit testing of tight-fitting atmosphere-supplying respirators and tight-fitting powered air-purifying respirators must be accomplished by performing quantitative or qualitative fit testing in the negative pressure mode, regardless of the mode of operation (negative or positive pressure) that is used for respiratory protection.
• Qualitative fit testing of these respirators must be accomplished by temporarily converting the respirator user’s actual facepiece into a negative pressure respirator with appropriate filters, or by using an identical negative pressure air-purifying respirator facepiece with the same sealing surfaces as a surrogate for the atmosphere-supplying or powered air-purifying respirator facepiece.
• Quantitative fit testing of these respirators must be accomplished by modifying the facepiece to allow sampling inside the facepiece in the breathing zone of the user, midway between the nose and mouth. This requirement must be accomplished by installing a permanent sampling probe onto a surrogate facepiece or by using a sampling adapter designed to temporarily provide a means of sampling air from inside the facepiece.
• Any modifications to the respirator facepiece for fit testing must be completely removed, and the facepiece restored to NIOSH-approved configuration before that facepiece can be used in the workplace.

Fit test records will be retained for respirator users until the next fit test is administered. Written materials required to be retained will be made available upon request to affected employees.

Respirator Operation and Use

Respirators will only be used following the respiratory protection safety procedures established in this program. The operations and user manuals for each type of respirator will be maintained by the program administrator and be available to all qualified users.

Surveillance by the direct supervisor will be maintained of work area conditions and degree of employee exposure or stress. When there is a change in work area conditions or degree of employee exposure or stress that may affect respirator effectiveness, the company will reevaluate the continued effectiveness of the respirator.

For continued protection of respirator users, the following general use rules apply:

• Users must not remove respirators while in a hazardous environment.
• Respirators are to be stored in sealed containers out of harmful atmospheres.
• Respirators will be stored away from heat and moisture.
• Respirators will be stored such that the sealing area does not become distorted or warped.
• Respirators will be stored such that the facepiece is protected.

Facepiece Seal Protection

The company does not permit respirators with tight-fitting facepieces to be worn by employees who have:

• Facial hair that comes between the sealing surface of the facepiece and the face or that interferes with valve function.
• Any condition that interferes with the face-to-facepiece seal or valve function.

If an employee wears corrective glasses or goggles or other personal protective equipment, the company will ensure that such equipment is worn in a manner that does not interfere with the seal of the facepiece to the face of the user.

Continuing Effectiveness of Respirators

The company will ensure that employees leave the respirator use area:

• Wash their faces and respirator facepieces as necessary to prevent eye or skin irritation associated with respirator use.
• If they detect vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in breathing resistance, or leakage of the facepiece.
• To replace the respirator or the filter, cartridge, or canister elements.

If the employee detects vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in breathing resistance, or leakage of the facepiece, the company will replace or repair the respirator before allowing the employee to return to the work area.

Procedures for IDLH atmospheres

For all IDLH atmospheres, the company will ensure that:

• One employee or, when needed, more than one employee is located outside the IDLH atmosphere.
• Visual, voice, or signal line communication is maintained between the employee(s) in the IDLH atmosphere and the employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere.
• The employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere are trained and equipped to provide effective emergency rescue.
• The employer or designee is notified before the employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere enter the IDLH atmosphere to provide emergency rescue.
• The employer or designee authorized to do so by the company, once notified, provides necessary assistance appropriate to the situation.

Employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmospheres will be equipped with:

• Pressure demand or other positive pressure SCBAs, or a pressure-demand or other positive pressure supplied-air respirator with auxiliary SCBA; and either
• Appropriate retrieval equipment for removing the employee(s) who enter(s) these hazardous atmospheres where retrieval equipment would contribute to the rescue of the employee(s) and would not increase the overall risk resulting from entry; or
• Equivalent means for rescue where retrieval equipment is not required.

Cleaning and Disinfecting

The company must provide each respirator user with a respirator that is clean, sanitary, and in good working order. The company must ensure that respirators are cleaned and disinfected using the standard operating procedure (SOP) for cleaning and disinfecting.

The respirators must be cleaned and disinfected when:

• Respirators issued for the exclusive use of an employee must be cleaned and disinfected as often as necessary to be maintained in a sanitary condition.
• Respirators issued to more than one employee must be cleaned and disinfected before being worn by different individuals.
• Respirators maintained for emergency use must be cleaned and disinfected after each use.
• Respirators used in fit testing and training must be cleaned and disinfected after each use.

Cleaning and storage of respirators assigned to specific employees are the responsibility of each employee.

Respirator Inspection

All respirators/SCBAs will be inspected. Should any defects be noted, the respirator/SCBA will be taken to the program administrator. Damaged respirators will be repaired or replaced. The inspection of respirators will be the responsibility of the employee.

Respirators will be inspected as follows:

• All respirators used in routine situations must be inspected before each use and during cleaning.
• All respirators maintained for use in emergency situations must be inspected at least monthly and in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and be checked for proper function before and after each use.
• Emergency escape-only respirators must be inspected before being carried into the workplace for use.

Respirator inspections include the following:

• A check of respirator function, tightness of connections, and the condition of the various parts including, but not limited to, the facepiece, head straps, valves, connecting tube, cartridges, canisters, or filters.
• Check elastomeric parts for pliability and signs of deterioration.
• Self-contained breathing apparatus must be inspected monthly. Air and oxygen cylinders must be maintained in a fully charged state and must be recharged when the pressure falls to 90 percent of the manufacturer’s recommended pressure level. The company must determine that the regulator and warning devices function properly

For emergency-use respirators, the additional requirements apply:

• Certify the respirator by documenting the date the inspection was performed, the name (or signature) of the person who made the inspection, the findings, required remedial action, and a serial number or other means of identifying the inspected respirator.
• Provide this information on a tag or label that is attached to the storage compartment for the respirator, is kept with the respirator, or is included in inspection reports stored as paper or electronic files. This information must be maintained until replaced following a subsequent certification.

Respirator Storage

Respirators are to be stored as follows:

• All respirators must be stored to protect them from damage, contamination, dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures, excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals. They must be packed or stored to prevent deformation of the facepiece and exhalation valve.

• Emergency respirators must be
  • Kept accessible to the work area.
  • Stored in compartments or in covers that are clearly marked as containing emergency respirators.
  • Stored in accordance with any applicable manufacturer instructions.

Repair of Respirators

Respirators that fail an inspection or are otherwise found to be defective will be removed from service to be discarded, repaired or adjusted in accordance with the following procedures:

• Repairs or adjustments to respirators are to be made only by people appropriately trained to perform such operations who use only the respirator manufacturer’s NIOSH-approved parts designed for the respirator.
• Repairs must be made according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and specifications for the type and extent of repairs to be performed.
• Reducing and admission valves, regulators, and alarms must be adjusted or repaired only by the manufacturer or a technician trained by the manufacturer.

Breathing Air Quality and Use

The company must ensure that compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration accords with the following specifications:

• Compressed and liquid oxygen must meet the United States Pharmacopoeia requirements for medical or breathing oxygen.
• Compressed breathing air must meet at least the requirements for Grade D breathing air described in ANSI/Compressed Gas Association Commodity Specification for Air, G-7.1-1989, to include:
  • Oxygen content (v/v) of 19.5–23.5 percent.
  • Hydrocarbon (condensed) content of 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air or less.
  • Carbon monoxide (CO) content of 10 ppm or less.
  • Carbon dioxide content of 1,000 ppm or less.
  • Lack of noticeable odor.
• Compressed oxygen will not be used in atmosphere-supplying respirators that have previously used compressed air.
• Oxygen concentrations greater than 23.5 percent are used only in equipment designed for oxygen service or distribution.
• Cylinders used to supply breathing air to respirators must meet the following requirements:
  • Cylinders are tested and maintained as prescribed in the Shipping Container Specification Regulations of the Department of Transportation (49 CFR Part 173 and Part 178).
  • Cylinders of purchased breathing air have a certificate of analysis from the supplier that the breathing air meets the requirements for Grade D breathing air.
  • Moisture content in breathing air cylinders does not exceed a dew point of −50 degrees F (−45.6 degrees C) at 1 atmosphere pressure.
  • Breathing air couplings are incompatible with outlets for non-respirable worksite air or other gas systems. No asphyxiating substance will be introduced into breathing air lines.
  • Breathing gas containers must be marked in accordance with the NIOSH respirator certification standard, 42 CFR Part 84.

What Is a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus?

A scaffold is defined as an elevated temporary work platform. There are three basic types of scaffolds:

• Supported scaffolds, consist of one or more platforms supported by rigid, load-bearing members, such as poles, legs, frames, outriggers, etc.
• Suspended scaffolds, are one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid, overhead support.
• Other scaffolds, principally manlifts, personnel hoists, etc., which are sometimes thought of as vehicles or machinery, but can be regarded as another type of supported scaffold.

Common Hazards Associated With All Scaffolds

• Falls from elevation, due to lack of fall protection.
• The collapse of the scaffold, is caused by instability or overloading.
• Being struck by falling tools, work materials, or debris.
• Electrocution, principally due to the proximity of the scaffold to overhead power lines.

Safe Work Practices

• Scaffolds will be erected on sound, rigid footing, capable of carrying the maximum intended load without settling or displacement.
• Damaged parts that affect the strength of the scaffold are taken out of service.
• Scaffolds are not to be altered.
• All scaffolds should be fully planked.
• Scaffolds are not moved horizontally while workers are on them unless they are designed to be mobile and workers have been trained in the proper procedures.
• Employees are not permitted to work on scaffolds that are covered with snow, ice, or other slippery materials.
• Scaffolds are not erected or moved within 10 feet of power lines.
• Employees are not permitted to work on scaffolds in bad weather or high winds unless a competent person has determined that it is safe to do so.
• Ladders, boxes, barrels, buckets, or other makeshift platforms are not used to raise work height.
• Extra material is not allowed to build up on scaffold platforms.

Requirements for Designing and Constructing Scaffolds

Scaffolds must be designed by a qualified person and be constructed and loaded in accordance with that design. OSHA defines a qualified person as one whom:

• Possesses a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing.
• Has extensive knowledge, training, and experience.
• Can solve or resolve problems related to the work or the project.

A qualified person must do adequate preplanning to ensure the safe erection and use of the scaffold.

Preplanning includes:

• Determining the type of scaffold necessary for the job.
• Determining the maximum load of the scaffold.
• Ensuring a good foundation.
• Avoiding electrical hazards.

Where workers on a construction site are exposed to vertical drops of 6 feet or more, OSHA requires that employers provide fall protection in one of three ways before work begins:

• Placing guardrails around the hazard area.
• Deploying safety nets.
• Providing personal fall arrest systems for each employee.

Many times the nature and location of the work will dictate the form that falls protection takes. If the company chooses to use a guardrail system, it must comply with the following provisions:

• The top edge height of top rails, or equivalent guardrail system members, must be between 39 and 45 inches above the walking/working level, except when conditions warrant otherwise and all other criteria are met (e.g., when employees are using stilts, the top edge height of the top rail must be increased by an amount equal the height of the stilts).
• Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, or equivalent intermediate structures, must be installed between the top edge and the walking/working surface when there is no wall or other structure at least 21 inches high.

• Midrails must be midway between the top edge of the guardrail system and the walking/working level.
• Screens and mesh must extend from the top rail to the walking/working level, and along the entire opening between rail supports.
• Intermediate members (such as balusters) between posts must be no more than 19 inches apart.
• Other structural members (such as additional mid rails or architectural panels) must be installed so as to leave no openings wider than 19 inches.

• Guardrail systems must be capable of withstanding at least 200 pounds of force applied within 2 inches of the top edge, in any direction and at any point along the edge, and without causing the top edge of the guardrail to deflect downward to a height less than 39 inches above the walking/working level.
• Midrails, screens, mesh, and other intermediate members must be capable of withstanding at least 150 pounds of force applied in any direction at any point along the mid rail or another member.
• Guardrail systems must not have rough or jagged surfaces that would cause punctures, lacerations, or snagged clothing.
• Top rails and mid rails must not cause a projection hazard by overhanging the terminal posts.
• Scaffolds and their components will be capable of supporting, without failure, at least four times the maximum intended load.
• Guardrails and toeboards will be installed on all open sides and ends of platforms more than 10 feet (3.1 m) above the ground or floor, except needle beam scaffolds and floats where other means of fall protection is provided.
• Scaffolds 4 feet (1.2 m) to 10 feet (3.1 m) in height, having a minimum dimension in either direction of fewer than 45 inches (1.2 m), will have standard guardrails installed on all open sides and ends of the platform.
• There will be a screen with a maximum of ½-inch (1.3 cm) opening between the toeboard and the guardrail, where people are required to work or pass under the scaffold.
• All planking will be Scaffold Grade or equivalent as recognized by approved grading rules for the species of wood used.
• The maximum permissible span for 1¼ × 9 inch (3.2 × 22.9 cm) or wider plank of full thickness is 4 feet (1.2 m), with medium loading of 50 pounds per square foot (244 kilograms per square meter).
• Scaffold planking will be overlapped a minimum of 12 inches (30.5 cm) or secured from movement.
• Scaffold planks will extend over their end supports not less than 6 inches (15 cm) nor more than 12 inches (30 cm).
• All scaffolding and accessories will have any defective parts immediately replaced or repaired.
• An access ladder or equivalent safe access must be provided.

CAL/OSHA Scaffold Guide for safe use of supported Scaffolds

Whenever possible, we will replace crystalline silica materials with safer substitutes. Other venues to minimize exposure include providing engineering or administrative controls, where feasible, such as local exhaust ventilation and blasting cabinets.

Where necessary to reduce exposure below the permissible exposure level (PEL), employees will use protective equipment or other protective measures.

Safe Work Practices

• Know which work operations and work areas can lead to silica exposure.
• Where possible, use all available work practices, such as water sprays, to control dust exposure.
• Respirators will be used in work areas requiring the use of a respirator.
• Appropriate PPE will be worn to include disposable or washable work clothes.
• Employees will vacuum the dust from their clothes or change it into clean clothing before leaving the worksite.
• No eating, drinking, smoking or applying cosmetics in areas where crystalline silica dust is present.
• Wash your hands and face outside of dusty areas before performing any of these activities.

How to control the Dust-On Tool Extraction

Safe Work Practices

No steel erection will begin without prior approval.

Workers engaged in steel erection activities will follow 100 percent fall protection requirements when working from 6 feet or greater.

Perimeter safety cables installed by the steel erectors will remain in place unless otherwise instructed.

Multiple lift rigging assemblies will be designed for making multiple lifts.

Loads will not swing over the public or workers.

Permanent floors will be installed so there are not more than eight stories between the erection floor and the uppermost permanent floor, except when structural integrity is maintained by the design.

During skeleton steel erection, a tightly planked temporary floor will be maintained within two stories or 30 feet (9.1 m), whichever is less, below, and directly under that portion of each tier of beams on which any work is being performed.

During the skeleton steel erection of buildings and structures not adaptable to temporary floors, and where scaffolds are not used, safety nets will be installed and maintained whenever the potential fall distance exceeds two stories or 25 feet (7.6 m).

A safety railing of ½-inch (1.27 cm) wire rope or equivalent will be installed around the perimeter of all temporarily floored buildings, approximately 42 inches high (1.1 m), during structural steel assembly.

When placing structural members, the load will not be released from the hoisting line until the member is secured by at least two bolts, or the equivalent, at each connection, and drawn up wrench tight.

In some cases, a steel erection plan will be implemented.

Read: Temporary structure, permanent safety

Cold Stress—Safe Work Practices

• Recognize the environmental and workplace conditions that lead to potential cold-induced illnesses and injuries.
• Watch for signs and symptoms of cold-induced illnesses/injuries.
• Select proper clothing for cold, wet and windy conditions. Layer clothing to adjust to changing environmental temperatures. Wear a hat and gloves, in addition to underwear that will keep water away from the skin (polypropylene).
• Take frequent short breaks in warm dry shelters to allow the body to warm up.
• Perform work during the warmest part of the day.
• Avoid exhaustion or fatigue because energy is needed to keep muscles warm.
• Use the buddy system (work in pairs).
• Drink warm, sweet beverages (sugar water, sports-type drinks). Avoid drinks with caffeine (coffee, tea, or hot chocolate) or alcohol.
• Eat warm, high-calorie foods like hot pasta dishes.

Responding to Frost Bite:

• Move the person to a warm dry area. Don’t leave the person alone.
• Remove any wet or tight clothing that may cut off blood flow to the affected area.
• DO NOT rub the affected area, because rubbing causes damage to the skin and tissue.
• Gently place the affected area in a warm (105°F) water bath and monitor the water temperature to slowly warm the tissue. Don’t pour warm water directly on the affected area because it will warm the tissue too fast causing tissue damage. Warming takes about 25-40 minutes.
• After the affected area has been warmed, it may become puffy and blister. The affected area may have a burning feeling or numbness. When normal feeling, movement, and skin color have returned, the affected area should be dried and wrapped to keep it warm. Note: If there is a chance the affected area may get cold again, do not warm the skin. If the skin is warmed and then becomes cold again, it will cause severe tissue damage. Seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Responding to Hypothermia:

• Call for emergency help (ambulance or 911).
• Move the person to a warm, dry area. Don’t leave the person alone. Remove any wet clothing and replace it with warm, dry clothing or wrap the person in blankets.
• Have the person drink warm, sweet drinks (sugar water or sports-type drinks) if they are alert. Avoid drinks with caffeine (coffee, tea, or hot chocolate) or alcohol.
• Have the person move their arms and legs to create muscle heat. If they are unable to do this, place warm bottles or hot packs in the armpits, groin, neck, and head areas. Do not rub the person’s body or place them in a warm water bath. This may stop their heart.

Heat Stress—Safe Work Practices

• Know signs/symptoms of heat-related illnesses; monitor yourself and co-workers.
• Block out direct sun or other heat sources.
• Use cooling fans/air-conditioning; rest regularly.
• Drink lots of water; about one cup every 15 minutes.
• Wear lightweight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothes.
• Avoid alcohol, caffeinated drinks and heavy meals.

Responding to Heat Stress:

• Call 911 (or local emergency number) at once.

While waiting for help to arrive:

• Move the worker to a cool, shaded area.
• Loosen or remove heavy clothing.
• Provide cool drinking water.
• Fan and mist the person with water.

Heat stress and heat stroke Safety Posters

We will provide and maintain safe means of access and egress to all workstations.

All-access to all openings will be controlled to prevent unauthorized entry underground. Unused chutes, manways, or other openings will be tightly covered, bulkheaded, or fenced off. They will be posted with signs indicating “Keep Out” or similar language. Complete or unused sections of the underground facility will be barricaded.

Unless underground facilities are sufficiently completed so that the permanent environmental controls are effective and the remaining construction activity will not cause any environmental hazard or structural failure within the facilities, we will maintain a check-in/check-out procedure that will ensure that aboveground designated personnel can determine an accurate count of the number of people underground in the event of an emergency.

All employees will be instructed to recognize and avoid hazards associated with underground construction activities prior to the commencement of work.

Hazardous classifications are potentially gassy and gassy operations. For this reason, we will assign a competent person to perform all air monitoring to determine proper ventilation and quantitative measurements of potentially hazardous gases.

Fresh air will also be supplied to all underground work areas in sufficient quantities to prevent dangerous or harmful accumulation of dust, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases.

OSHA: Underground Construction (Tunneling)

Safe Work Practices

Transporting, Moving, and Storing Compressed Gas Cylinders

Valve protection caps will be in place and secured. When cylinders are hoisted, they will be secured on a cradle, slingboard, or pallet. They will not be hoisted or transported by means of magnets or choker slings.

Cylinders will be moved by tilting and rolling them on their bottom edges. They will not be intentionally dropped, struck or permitted to strike each other violently.

When cylinders are transported by powered vehicles, they will be secured in a vertical position.

Valve protection caps will not be used for lifting cylinders from one vertical position to another. Bars will not be used under valves or valve protection caps to pry cylinders loose when frozen. Warm, not boiling, water will be used to thaw cylinders loose.

Unless cylinders are firmly secured on a special carrier intended for this purpose, regulators will be removed and valve protection caps put in place before cylinders are moved.

A suitable cylinder truck, chain, or another steadying device will be used to keep cylinders from being knocked over while in use.

When work is finished, when cylinders are empty, or when cylinders are moved at any time, the cylinder valve will be closed.

Compressed gas cylinders will be secured in an upright position at all times, if necessary, for short periods of time while cylinders are actually being hoisted or carried.

Oxygen cylinders in storage will be separated from fuel-gas cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or grease), a minimum distance of 20 feet (6.1 m) or by a noncombustible barrier at least 5 feet (1.5 m) high having a fire-resistance rating of at least one-half hour.

Inside buildings, cylinders will be stored in a well-protected, well-ventilated, dry location, at least 20 feet (6.1 m) from highly combustible materials such as oil or excelsior. Cylinders should be stored in definitely assigned places away from elevators, stairs, or gangways. Assigned storage places will be located where cylinders will not be knocked over or damaged by passing or falling objects, or subject to tampering.

The in-plant handling, storage, and use of all compressed gases in cylinders, portable tanks, rail tank cars, or motor vehicle cargo tanks will be in accordance with Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet P-1-1965.

Placing Cylinders

Cylinders will be kept far enough away from the actual welding or cutting operation so that sparks, hot slag, or flame will not reach them. When this is impractical, fire-resistant shields will be provided.

Cylinders will be placed where they cannot become part of an electrical circuit. Electrodes will not be struck against a cylinder to strike an arc.

Fuel gas cylinders will be placed with valve end up whenever they are in use. They will not be placed in a location where they would not be subject to open flame, hot metal, or other sources of artificial heat.

Cylinders containing oxygen or acetylene or other fuel gas will not be taken into confined spaces.

Treatment of Cylinders

Cylinders, whether full or empty, will not be used as rollers or supports.

No person other than the gas supplier will attempt to mix gases in a cylinder. No one except the owner of the cylinder or person authorized by him, will refill a cylinder. No one will use a cylinder’s contents for purposes than those intended by the supplier. All cylinders used will meet the U.S. Department of Transportation requirements published in 49 CFR Part 178, Subpart C.

Specification for Cylinders.

No damaged or defective cylinder will be used.

Use of Fuel Gas

The employer will thoroughly instruct employees in the safe use of fuel gas, as follows:

• Fuel gas will not be used from cylinders through torches or other devices that are equipped with shutoff valves without reducing the pressure through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder valve or manifold.

• Before a regulator to a cylinder valve is connected, the valve will be opened slightly and closed immediately. (This action is generally termed “cracking” and is intended to clear the valve of dust or dirt that might otherwise enter the regulator.) The person cracking the valve will stand to one side of the outlet, not in front of it. The valve of a fuel gas cylinder will not be cracked where the gas would reach welding work, sparks, flame or other possible sources of ignition.

• The cylinder valve will always be opened slowly to prevent damage to the regulator. For quick-closing valves of fuel gas, cylinders will not be opened more than one turn. When a special wrench is required, it will be left in position on the stem of the valve while the cylinder is in use so that the fuel gas flow can be shut off quickly in case of an emergency. In the case of manifolded or coupled cylinders, at least one such wrench will always be available for immediate use. Nothing will be placed on top of a fuel gas cylinder, when in use, that may damage the safety device or interfere with the quick closing of the valve.

Before a regulator is removed from a cylinder valve, the cylinder valve must always be closed and the gas released from the regulator.

If, when the valve on a fuel gas cylinder is opened, there is found to be a leak around the valve stem, the valve must be closed and the gland nut tightened. If this action does not stop the leak, the use of the cylinder will be discontinued, and it will be properly tagged and removed from the work area. In the event that fuel gas should leak from the cylinder valve, rather than from the valve stem, and the gas cannot be shut off, the cylinder will be properly tagged and removed from the work area. If a regulator attached to a cylinder valve will effectively stop a leak through the valve seat, the cylinder need not be removed from the work area.

If a leak should develop at a fuse plug or other safety device, the cylinder will be removed from the work area.

Fuel Gas and Oxygen Manifolds

Fuel gas and oxygen manifolds must bear the name of the substance they contain in letters at least 1-inch high which will be either painted on the manifold or on a sign permanently attached to it. These manifolds will be placed in safe, well-ventilated, and accessible locations and not be located within enclosed spaces.

Manifold hose connections, including both ends of the supply hose that lead to the manifold, will be such that the hose cannot be interchanged between fuel gas and oxygen manifolds and supply header connections. Adapters will not be used to permit the interchange of hoses. Hose connections will be kept free of grease and oil.

When not in use, manifold and header hose connections will be capped.
Nothing will be placed on top of a manifold when in use, that will damage the manifold or interfere with the quick closing of the valves.

Hose

Fuel gas and oxygen hoses will be easily distinguishable from each other. The contrast may be made by different colors or by surface characteristics readily distinguishable by the sense of touch. Oxygen and fuel gas hoses will not be interchangeable. A single hose having more than one gas passage will not be used.

When parallel sections of oxygen and fuel gas hose are taped together, not more than 4 inches out of 12 inches will be covered by tape.

All hoses in use, carrying acetylene, oxygen, natural or manufactured fuel gas, or any gas or substance that may ignite or enter into combustion, or be in any way harmful to employees, will be inspected at the beginning of each working shift. The defective hose will be removed from service.

The hose that has been subject to flashback, or which shows evidence of severe wear or damage, will be tested to twice the normal pressure to which it is subject, but in no case less than 300 p.s.i. A defective hose or hose in doubtful condition will not be used.

Hose couplings will be of the type that cannot be unlocked or disconnected by means of a straight pull without rotary motion.

Boxes used for the storage of gas hoses will be ventilated.

Hoses, cables, and other equipment will be kept clear of passageways, ladders, and stairs.

Torches

Clogged torch tip openings will be cleaned with suitable cleaning wires, drills, or other devices designed for such purposes.

Torches in use will be inspected at the beginning of each working shift for leaking shutoff valves, hose couplings, and tip connections. Defective torches will not be used.

Torches will be lighted by friction lighters or other approved devices, and not by matches or from hot work.

Regulators and Gauges

Oxygen and fuel gas pressure regulators, including their related gauges, will be in proper working order while in use.

Oil and Grease Hazards

Oxygen cylinders and fittings will be kept away from oil or grease. Cylinders, cylinder caps and valves, couplings, regulators, hoses, and apparatus will be kept free from oil or greasy substances and will not be handled with oily hands or gloves. Oxygen will not be directed at oily surfaces, greasy clothes, or within a fuel oil or other storage tank or vessel.

What is The meaning of Back Fire, Sustained Backfire, and Flashback ? and what is its preventive measures in welding Applications

Arc Welding and Cutting

Manual Electrode Holders

Only manual electrode holders that are specifically designed for arc welding and cutting and are of a capacity capable of safely handling the maximum rated current required by the electrodes will be used.

Electric Arc Welding and Cutting Checklist

Welding Cables and Connectors

All arc welding and cutting cables will be of the completely, insulated, flexible type, capable of handling the maximum current requirements of the work in progress, taking into account the duty cycle under which the arc welder or cutter is working.

Only cable free from repair or splices for a minimum distance of 10 feet from the cable end to which the electrode holder is connected will be used, except that cables with standard insulated connectors or with splices whose insulating quality is equal to that of the cable are permitted.

Cables in need of repair will not be used. When a cable, other than the cable lead referred to above, becomes worn to the extent of exposing bare conductors, the portion thus exposed will be protected by means of rubber and friction tape or other equivalent insulation.

When it becomes necessary to connect or splice lengths of cable one to another, substantially insulated connectors of a capacity at least equivalent to that of the cable will be used. If connections are affected by means of cable lugs, they will be securely fastened together to give good electrical contact, and the exposed metal parts of the lugs will be completely insulated.

Ground Returns and Machine Grounding

A ground return cable will have a safe current-carrying capacity equal to or exceeding the specified maximum output capacity of the arc welding or cutting unit that it services. When a single ground return cable services more than one unit, its safe current-carrying will exceed the total specified maximum output capacities of the all the units that it services.

Pipelines containing gases or flammable liquids, or conduits containing electrical circuits, will not be used as a ground return.

When a structure or pipeline is employed as a ground return circuit, it will be determined that the required electrical contact exists at all joints. The generation of an arc, sparks or heat at any point will cause rejection of the structures as a ground circuit.

When a structure or pipeline is continuously employed as a ground return circuit, all joints will be bonded, and periodic inspections will be conducted to ensure that no condition of electrolysis or fire hazard exists by virtue of such use.

The frames of all arc welding and cutting machines will be grounded either through a third wire in the cable containing the circuit conductor or through a separate wire that is grounded at the source of the current. Grounding circuits, other than by means of the structure, will be checked to ensure that the circuit between the ground and the grounded power conductor has resistance low enough to permit sufficient current to flow to cause the fuse or circuit breaker to interrupt the current.

All ground connections will be inspected to ensure that they are mechanically strong and electrically adequate for the required current.

Operating Instructions

Employers will instruct employees on the safe means of arc welding and cutting as follows:

• When electrode holders are to be left unattended, the electrodes must be removed and the holders must be so placed or protected that they cannot make electrical contact with employees or conducting objects.
• Hot electrode holders must not be dipped in water; to do so may expose the arc welder or cutter to electric shock.

When the arc welder or cutter has occasion to leave the work area or to stop work for any appreciable length of time, or when the arc welding or cutting machine is to be moved, the power supply switch to the equipment will be opened.

Any faulty or defective equipment will be reported to the supervisor.

A disconnecting means will be provided in the supply circuit for each motor-generated arc welder and for each AC transformer and DC rectifier arc welder that is not equipped with a disconnect mounted as an integral part of the welder.

A switch or circuit breaker will be provided by which each resistance welder and its control equipment can be isolated from the supply circuit. The ampere rating of this disconnecting means will not be less than the supply conductor ampacity.

Shielding

Whenever practicable, all arc welding and cutting operations will be shielded by a noncombustible or flameproof screen that will protect employees and other people working in the vicinity from the direct rays of the arc.

Fire Prevention

When practical, objects to be welded, cut or heated will be moved to a designated safe location or, if these objects cannot be readily moved, all movable fire hazards in the vicinity will be taken to a safe place, or otherwise protected. If these objects cannot be moved and if all the fire hazards cannot be removed, positive means will be taken to confine the heat, sparks and slag and to protect the immovable fire hazards from them.

No welding, cutting or heating will be done where the application of flammable paints or the presence of other flammable compounds or heavy dust concentrations creates a hazard.

Suitable fire extinguishing equipment will be immediately available in the work area and will be maintained in a state or readiness for instant use.

When the welding, cutting or heating operation is such that normal fire prevention precautions are not sufficient, additional personnel will be assigned to guard against fire while the actual welding, cutting or heating operation is being performed and for a sufficient period of time after completion of the work to ensure that no possibility of fire exists. Such personnel will be instructed as to the specific anticipated fire hazards and how the firefighting equipment provided is to be used.

When welding, cutting or heating is performed on walls, floors and ceilings, since direct penetration of sparks or heat transfer may introduce a fire hazard to an adjacent area, the same precautions will be taken on the opposite side as are taken on the side on which the welding is being performed.

For the elimination of possible fire in enclosed spaces as a result of gas escaping through leaking or improperly closed torch valves, the gas supply to the torch will be positively shut off at some point outside the enclosed space whenever the torch is not to be used or whenever the torch is left unattended for a substantial period of time, such as during the lunch period. Overnight and at the change of shifts, the torch and hose will be removed from the confined space. Open end fuel gas and oxygen hoses will be immediately removed from enclosed spaces when they are disconnected from the torch or other gas-consuming device.

Except when the contents are being removed or transferred, drums, pails and other containers that contain or have contained flammable liquids will be kept closed. Empty containers will be removed to a safe area apart from hot work operations or open flames.

Mechanical Ventilation

Mechanical ventilation will consist of either general mechanical ventilation systems or local exhaust systems.

Occupational Health and Environmental Controls

Contaminated air exhausted from a working space will be discharged clear of the source of the intake air.

All air replacements that is withdrawn will be clean and respirable.

Oxygen will not be used for ventilation purposes, comfort cooling, blowing dust from clothing or cleaning the work area.

Welding, Cutting, and Heating in Confined Spaces

Except where airline respirators are required or allowed as described below, adequate mechanical ventilation meeting the requirements described above will be provided whenever welding, cutting, or heating is performed in a confined space.

When sufficient ventilation cannot be obtained without blocking the means of access, employees in the confined space will be protected by air line respirators. An employee outside of the confined space will be assigned to maintain communication with those working within it and to aid them in an emergency.

Where a welder must enter a confined space through a small opening, means will be provided for quickly removing him or her in case of emergency. When safety belts and lifelines are used for this purpose they will be so attached to the welder’s body that his or her body cannot be jammed in a small exit opening. An attendant with a preplanned rescue procedure will be stationed outside to observe the welder at all times and be capable of putting rescue operations into effect.

Welding, Cutting, or Heating of Metals of Toxic Significance

Welding, cutting, or heating in any enclosed spaces involving the following metals will be performed with adequate mechanical ventilation as described above:

• Zinc-bearing base or filler metals or metals coated with zinc-bearing materials.
• Lead base metals.
• Cadmium-bearing filler materials.
• Chromium-bearing metals or metals coated with chromium-bearing materials.

Welding, cutting, or heating in any enclosed spaces involving the following metals will be performed with adequate local exhaust ventilation as described above or employees will be protected by air line respirators:

•  Metals containing lead, other than as an impurity, or metals coated with lead-bearing materials.
• Cadmium-bearing or cadmium-coated base metals.
• Metal coated with mercury-bearing metals.
• Beryllium-containing base or filler metals. Because of its high toxicity, work involving beryllium will be done with both local exhaust ventilation and airline respirators.

Employees performing such operations in the open air will be protected by filter-type respirators except that employees performing such operations on beryllium-containing base or filler metals will be protected by air line respirators.

Other employees exposed to the same atmosphere as the welders or burners will be protected in the same manner as the welder or burner.

Welding, Cutting, and Brazing Checklist

Inert-Gas Metal-Arc Welding

Since the inert-gas metal-arc welding process involves the production of ultraviolet radiation of intensities of five to 30 times that produced during shielded metal-arc welding, the decomposition of chlorinated solvents by ultraviolet rays, and the liberation of toxic fumes and gases, employees will not be permitted to engage in or be exposed to the process until the following special precautions have been taken:

•  The use of chlorinated solvents will be kept at least 200 feet, unless shielded, from the exposed arc, and surfaces prepared with chlorinated solvents will be thoroughly dry before welding is permitted on such surfaces.

• Employees in the area not protected from the arc by screening will be protected by filter lenses. When two or more welders are exposed to each other’s arc, filter lens goggles of a suitable type will be worn under welding helmets. Hand shields to protect the welder against flashes and radiant energy shall be used when either the helmet is lifted or the shield is removed.

• Welders and other employees who are exposed to radiation will be suitably protected so that the skin is covered completely to prevent burns and other damage by ultraviolet rays. Welding helmets and hand shields will be free of leaks, openings and highly reflective surfaces.

• When inert-gas metal-arc welding is being performed on stainless steel, adequate local exhaust ventilation as described above or airline respirators will be used to protect against dangerous concentrations of nitrogen dioxide.

General Welding, Cutting, and Heating

Welding, cutting or heating not involving conditions or toxic materials described above may normally be done without mechanical ventilation or respiratory protective equipment. These protections will be provided, however, where an unsafe accumulation of contaminants exists because of unusual physical or atmospheric conditions.

Employees performing any type of welding, cutting or heating will be protected by suitable eye-protective equipment.

Read: E-Books:Welding safety Guide

Wire ropes, chains, ropes and other rigging equipment will be inspected prior to use and as necessary during use to ensure their safety. Defective gear will be removed from service.

Job or shop hooks and links or makeshift fasteners formed from bolts, rods, or other such attachments will not be used.

When U-bolts are used for eye splices, the U-bolt will be applied so that the “U” section is in contact with the dead end of the rope.

When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, the following table will be used to determine the number and spacing of clips.

When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, the following table will be used to determine the number and spacing of clips.

Read: Control and safe use of lifting Equipment and accessories

Employees being struck by vehicles or mobile equipment lead to many work zone fatalities or injuries. Work zones will need traffic controls identified by signs, cones, barrels and barriers.

When it becomes necessary to temporarily close a city street or alley, a written traffic control plan is required showing how the closure will occur.  Refer to the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) Part VI when developing a traffic control plan. Drivers, employees on foot and pedestrians must be able to see and understand the proper routes. Construction project managers determine traffic control plans within construction/demolition worksites.

• Traffic control devices, signals, and message boards instruct drivers to follow paths away from where work is being done.
• Approved traffic control devices, including cones, barrels, barricades, and delineator posts, are also used inside work zones.

Worker Protection

Workers who work on or near a city street or who will be exposed to any type of equipment traffic will wear a reflective vest.

Work Zone Protections

Various concrete, water, sand, collapsible barriers, crash cushions and truck-mounted attenuators will be used to help limit motorist intrusions into construction work zones.

Flagging

Flaggers will wear high visibility clothing with a fluorescent background and made of retroreflective material. This makes employees visible for at least 1,000 feet in any direction. Always check the label or packaging to ensure that the garments are performance Class 2 or 3. Drivers will be warned with signs that there will be flaggers ahead. Flaggers will use STOP/SLOW paddles, paddles with lights, or flags (only in emergencies).

Lighting

Flagger stations will be illuminated. Lighting for employees on foot and for equipment operators will be at least 5 foot-candles or greater. Where available lighting is not sufficient, flares or chemical lighting will be used. Glare should be controlled or eliminated.

Training

Flaggers will be trained and certified and use authorized signaling methods.

Driving Seat belts and rollover protection will be used on equipment and vehicles per manufacturer recommendations.